Severe immunosuppression is related to poorer immunogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among people living with HIV

Booster shot of inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine induces potent immune responses in people living with HIV

“…As regards dynamic changes after each vaccine dose in PLWH (Figure 1B), we observed a dramatic decrement of total antibodies 180 days after the second dose (2nd dose after 180 days: 1.092[0.373, 3.187] vs. 2nd dose after 14–89 days: 3.204[2.521, 3.253], p = 0.0337) and obvious increment at “post‐third dose” (2nd dose after 180 days: 1.092[0.373, 3.187] vs. 3rd dose after 14–89 days: 3.423[3.177, 3.49], p < 0.0001). When PLWH were stratified into three subgroups (CD4 < 200 cells/μl, 200 cells/μl ≦ CD4 ≦ 350 cells/μl, and CD4 > 350 cells/μl) based on CD4 lymphocyte counts, 16 we compared levels of total antibodies toward SARS‐CoV‐2 in different vaccination series, and no discrepancies were found between these subgroups (Figure 1C and Supporting Information: Figure ). The seropositivity of the total antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 after the booster dose of the inactivated vaccine was comparable between PLWH and HCs (98.81% vs. 98.91%, p = 0.7145) (Figure 1D).…”

Immunologic Interplay Between HIV/AIDS and COVID-19: Adding Fuel to the Flames?

“…A comparison between the immunogenicity of different vaccine platforms in PLWH has been reported in some studies. mRNA vaccines appear to elicit the highest immune responses in this population [ 113 – 115 , 116 •, 117 ]. Among mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 has been show less immunogenic than mRNA-1273 [ 100 , 102 ••, 118 ].…”

“…[ 115 ] Initial 2-dose regimen: - mRNA + mRNA - ChAdOx1-S + mRNA - ChAdOx1-S + ChAdOx1-S 3rd dose: - BNT162b2 - mRNA-1273 Observational retrospective study (Canada) 99 PLWH: 87 (88%) males; median age: 54 years (IQR: 40–61) 152 HIV-negative controls: 50 (33%) males; median age: 47 years (IQR: 35–70) Median CD4 + T-cell count: 715/μL (IQR: 545–943) Median nadir CD4 + T-cell count: 280/μL (IQR: 123–490) All PLWH on cART Plasma HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL in all participants No previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 Anti-RBD IgG (ELISA) Neutralizing antibody activity (live virus neutralization assay; ACE2 receptor displacement assay) Time-points: before vaccination; 1 month after the first dose; 1, 3, and 6 months after the second dose; 1 month after the third dose No evidence of lower antibody concentrations or faster rates of antibody decline in PLWH compared with HIV-negative controls No evidence of poorer viral neutralization in PLWH after 2 doses No correlation between humoral responses to vaccine and CD4 + T-cell nadir Post–third-dose humoral responses comparable or higher in PLWH compared to HIV-negative controls Omicron-specific responses weaker than responses against wild-type virus Higher humoral responses post third dose in PLWH who received mRNA-1273 Corma-Gómez et al . [ 116 •] BNT162b (2 doses) or mRNA-1273 (2 doses) or ChAdOx1-S (2 doses) or Ad26.COV2.S (1 dose) Multicenter prospective cohort study (Spain) 420 PLWH: 343 (82%) males; median age: 55 years (IQR: 49–60) Median CD4 + T-cell count: 586/μL (IQR: 380–786) CD4 + T-cell count strata: - > 350/μL: n = 326 - 200–349/μL: n = 61 - < 200/μL: n = 33 Plasma HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL: n = 362 (87%) Patients with documented prior SARS-CoV-2 natural infection (diagnosed by PCR, antigen detection, or serology) excluded Anti-S1/S2 IgG (chemiluminescent immunoassay) Neutralizing antibody activity (indirect chemiluminescent immunoassay) Time-points: 4–8 weeks after the last dose Lower humoral responses in PLWH with low CD4 + T-cell counts mRNA vaccines associated with a higher response than adenoviral vector vaccines Brumme et al . [ 117 ] 2-dose regimen: - mRNA + mRNA - ChAdOx1-S + mRNA - ChAdOx1-S + ChAdOx1-S Longitudinal observational study (Canada) 100 PLWH: 88 (88%) males; median age: 54 years ...…”

Evolution of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein titers after two-dose of COVID-19 vaccination among people living with HIV

“…Such findings were consistent with those of previous studies. 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 Moreover, our study illustrated that, in addition to CD4 counts and vaccine type, traditional risk factors including CKD stage 3–5 and type 2 DM were associated with poor serological responses. 34 , 35 , 36 As a result, PLWH with comorbidities that may affect immune responses should be prioritized for a second booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.…”