Severe summer ice in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay following major volcanic eruptions, 1751 to 1889 A.D.

Catchpole, A. J. W.; Hanuta, Irene

doi:10.1007/bf00140175

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…The 1813-1826 estimated minimum temperatures from McCord also show colder winter temperatures compared to modern values, with the first peak shifted to between −5 to −3 ∘ C, but the shapes are similar for warmer and extreme temperatures (Figures 3(b) and 4(b)), which is reasonable given the 1810s are widely considered to have been one of the coldest decades of the past centuries, particularly in North America (Dupigny-Giroux, 2009;Chenoweth, 1996;Harrington, 1992;Catchpole and Hanuta, 1989;Wilson, 1982). …”

Section: Reconstruction Of Historical Minimum and Maximum Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 60%

Daily minimum and maximum temperature in the St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: two centuries of climatic observations from Canada

Slonosky

2014

Int. J. Climatol.

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Climatological and meteorological observations in Canada begin in the first half of the 18th century. Continuous daily observations of the weather and climate for the province of Quebec start in the late 18th century. Estimates of daily minimum and maximum temperatures from historical fixed hour observations are provided from regression models based on hourly data from the modern period. Observations of temperature from different locations and observers are compared and regressions models are used to compile a single series of daily minimum and maximum temperatures extending back to 1742, with nearly continuous observations from 1798. Mean, absolute minimum and maximum values suggest considerable variability in the climate over the past two centuries. Based on a variety of climate indicators, exceptionally warm years include 1808, 1848, 1870, 1953 and 1998, while cold years include 1809, 1816, 1818, 1875 and 1904. Analysis of frost days and growing season length suggest a reduction in cold temperatures over past 200 years, while the incidence of cold spells and heat waves has decreased.

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Section: Reconstruction Of Historical Minimum and Maximum Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 60%

Daily minimum and maximum temperature in the St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: two centuries of climatic observations from Canada

Slonosky

2014

Int. J. Climatol.

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“…This eruption released a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere, which resulted in significant climatic cooling over the Northern Hemisphere (McCormick et al, 1995). In Hudson Bay, the break-up of sea ice was delayed by about three weeks in the summer of 1992 (Environment Canada, 1992a, b), and a strong relationship between severe ice conditions in Hudson Bay and major volcanic eruptions has been documented (Catchpole and Hanuta, 1989). Stirling and Derocher (1993) noted that bears came ashore three weeks later in 1992 than in 1991 and speculated that polar bears remain on the sea ice, hunting seals, for as long as possible.…”

Section: Population Estimatementioning

confidence: 99%

Re-estimating the Size of the Polar Bear Population in Western Hudson Bay

Lunn¹,

Stirling²,

Andriashek³

et al. 1997

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. A mark-recapture study of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) ashore during the ice-free period of Hudson Bay was undertaken in 1994 and 1995 to re-estimate the size of the western Hudson Bay population. Previous estimates were based on animals caught between the Churchill and Nelson Rivers; consequently, bears in the southern part of the geographic range of this population were not sampled. We used Jolly-Seber models to re-estimate population size from two data sets: bears handled between the Churchill and Nelson Rivers from 1984 to 1995 and bears handled between Churchill and the Manitoba-Ontario border from 1984 to 1995. The latter sample incorporated mark-recapture data collected along the eastern Manitoba coast by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources from 1984 to 1986 and by us in 1994 and 1995. Both data sets gave similar estimates. Thus, our best estimate of the size of the western Hudson Bay polar bear population is 1200 ± 250 animals in autumn 1995.

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“…An expanded sea ice state following volcanic eruptions is further supported by observations in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait (the waters along the southern coast of Baffin Island). Ship records suggested that severe summer ice occurred in the years immediately following large volcanic eruptions during the 19th century [Catchpole et al, 1989]. Entombed vegetation collected from the margins of ice caps in north central Baffin Island and analyzed by Miller et al [2012] suggests two periods during the descent into the LIA with sudden advances in snow line.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baffin Island snow extent sensitivity: Insights from a regional climate model

Berdahl

Robock

2013

JGR Atmospheres

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[1] Recent modeling efforts suggest that the Little Ice Age (LIA) onset could be explained by a series of four large decadally-spaced volcanic eruptions. At that time, glaciers on Baffin Island advanced and did not retreat until the past century, perhaps due to Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean sea ice feedbacks. To try to determine what parameters sustain snow cover, we investigate the relative impacts of changes in radiation and advection on minimum summer snow extent over Baffin Island. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to run eight 6 month long (April-September), 10 km resolution simulations, in which we varied boundary condition temperatures, solar radiation, and sea ice cover. Although the Control Run underestimated cloud cover and thus produced an exaggerated diurnal 2 m temperature cycle, the relative changes of snow extent show that WRF accurately simulates snow expansion into the same regions as during the LIA. With an average temperature decrease from current temperatures by À3.9 AE 1.1 K, it only requires one season for the model to lower the snowline by comparable elevation changes seen during the descent into the LIA. WRF's maximum snow line sensitivity is 7 K/km, within the range of the typically assumed lapse rate of 5-7 K/km in the Canadian Arctic. Thus, if a shift in the Arctic climate greatly expanded sea ice coverage following large volcanic eruptions, this would have been enough to perpetuate an ice sheet on Baffin Island throughout the LIA.Citation: Berdahl, M., and A. Robock (2013), Baffin Island snow extent sensitivity: Insights from a regional climate model,

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Severe summer ice in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay following major volcanic eruptions, 1751 to 1889 A.D.

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Daily minimum and maximum temperature in the St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: two centuries of climatic observations from Canada

Daily minimum and maximum temperature in the St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: two centuries of climatic observations from Canada

Re-estimating the Size of the Polar Bear Population in Western Hudson Bay

Baffin Island snow extent sensitivity: Insights from a regional climate model

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