Sex and Aggression: The Influence of Gender Label on the Perception of Aggression in Children

Condry, John; Ross, David F.

doi:10.2307/1130189

Cited by 81 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Across conditions, the dyads were labeled as male-male, female-female, or male-female. They found that boy-boy interactions were rated as less aggressive and more playful than girl-boy and girl-girl interactions (Condry et al 1985). The authors speculated that this was due to the fact that play-fighting is a stereotypical play activity for boys, but not for girls; thus, boys were interpreted as having benign intentions, and girls were interpreted as having harmful ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypes, theory of mind, and the action–prediction hierarchy

Westra

2017

Synthese

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Both mindreading and stereotyping are forms of social cognition that play a pervasive role in our everyday lives, yet too little attention has been paid to the question of how these two processes are related. This paper offers a theory of the influence of stereotyping on mental-state attribution that draws on hierarchical predictive coding accounts of action prediction. It is argued that the key to understanding the relation between stereotyping and mindreading lies in the fact that stereotypes centrally involve character-trait attributions, which play a systematic role in the action-prediction hierarchy. On this view, when we apply a stereotype to an individual, we rapidly attribute to her a cluster of generic character traits on the basis of her perceived social group membership. These traits are then used to make inferences about that individual's likely beliefs and desires, which in turn inform inferences about her behavior.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypes, theory of mind, and the action–prediction hierarchy

Westra

2017

Synthese

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It was predicted that when the aggressor was a male, the participants would predict that he would use direct aggression (physical and verbal) more than when the aggressor was a female; the results confirmed this. Since previous research supports the view that indirect aggression is more typical of females [1,26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][35][36][37][38][39], and more experience with a certain behavior will enhance stereotypical beliefs between sex differences in aggressive behavior [43], it was predicted that females would be predicted to use indirect aggression more often than males, and as expected, results confirm this hypothesis; when the aggressor was a female, the adolescents predicted that the aggressor would use indirect aggression more than when the aggressor was a male.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In some of these studies the results indicated that when the sex was unknown, the subjects viewed the aggression between two boys as the least aggressive, as their behavior was more likely to be attributed to rough-and-tumble play than to intentional harm. However, the subjects viewed such behavior by girls as aggression rather than as play [43]. On the other hand, in similar studies the sex of the children was made clear to observers, and when the sex of the aggressor and the target was known, subjects rated boys and girls as equally aggressive; neverthe-less, boys' aggression was seen as more intentional and masculine [44,45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…It was predicted that when the aggressor was a male, the participants would predict that he would use direct (physical and verbal) aggression more than when the aggressor was a female. Since previous research supports the view that indirect aggression is more typical of females [e.g., 1, 26, 29, 30-33, 35, 38, 39], and that more experience with a certain behavior will enhance stereotypical beliefs about sex differences in aggressive behavior [43], it was predicted that participants would predict that females would use indirect aggression more often than males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Adolescents' Predictions of Aggressive Behavioral Patterns in Different Settings

Romero¹

2011

TOPSYJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Few studies have examined adolescents' predictions of aggression involving other adolescents; previous research has focused mainly on studying the perceptions of physical aggression. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore adolescents' predictions of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression in hypothetical scenarios of aggression and to establish any sex differences in these predictions. A total of 653 adolescents aged 14 to 18 participated in the study. The sex of the aggressor and the sex of the target were manipulated, and participants' predictions of the likelihood of aggressive behavioral patterns were measured through the use of a questionnaire. Results showed a significant interaction between the two independent variables. More specifically, results showed that (i) when the aggressor and the target were both males, the subjects more often predicted that the aggressor would use physical and verbal aggression; (ii) when the aggressor and the target were both females, subjects predicted that the aggressor would use more indirect aggression; (iii) males predicted the use of physical aggression more readily when the target was a male; (iv) females predicted the use of verbal and indirect aggression more readily than males when the target was a female; and (v) the situations in which subjects predicted that the aggressor would use more physical, verbal and indirect aggression were when the aggression took place between peers, followed by situations in which aggression took place in a domestic context.

show abstract

“…However, it is also the case that environmental factors are also influential in explaining aggression. Aggressive behavior in both boys and girls has been found to be related to features of child-rearing, including harsh parental discipline and physical punishment, as well as to sex-differentiated reactions to aggressive acts by children on the part of parents and other adults (parke & Slaby, 1983;Condry & Ross, 1985). Exposure to televised violence has been associated with aggressive behavior in children (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1961) and extended exposure to violent television during childhood is associated with aggressive behavior in adolescence (Eron & Huesmann, 1980).…”

Section: Sex-role Socialization During Middle Childhood and Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Antecedents of Gender Differences*

Wilder¹

1997

ETS Research Report Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Almost any discussion of differences between the sexes in cognitive function, including that of whether such differences are an appropriate focus of . scientific inquiry, is inherently controversial. Debates prevail about virtually every aspect of the issue: whether the differences are meaningful, how they should be studied, whether they should be reported; and, perhaps most consequentially, what causes the differences in the first place.One may ask why it is necessary to explore potential cause or, at least, antecedents of the test performance data that are the substance of this book, H the differences, exist, why should it matter how they came to be? The answer, of course, is that attributions about cause have everything to do with how the differences are treated. H the causes are perceived as relatively immutable, or changeable only over geologic time periods, the response will be inaction and (perhaps reluctant) acceptance. If, on the other hand, the diagnosis is that the causes lie within domains of human effort, those who seek to eradicate the differences will be inspired and helped to devise remedial strategies. Thus, the ways in which we respond to questions about sex differences --and, indeed, the ways in which we pose these questions --have important implications for education, social policy, and parenting.Men and women lead very different lives. Some of the more verifiable dimensions of the difference involve the occupations and earnings of men and women, their relative participation in specific activities, and their relative risk for particular psychiatric and psychological disorders. For example, despite recent changes in the social roles of men and women and the fact that increasing numbers of females are entering traditionally male occupations, women are considerably less likely than men to major in science, mathematics, or engineering Supplement: Section I -2-in college and to seek careers in these fields. Women who worked full-time in 1989 earned 66 cents for every dollar earned by men, an increase of only seven cents since 1968. More than 60% of all adults currently living below the poverty line in the Unites States are women. Women are totally absent from professional baseball, basketball, and soccer. Eating disorders (obesity, anorexia, and bulimia) are much more common in females than males, and men are more likely to be diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, mental retardation, and schizoid disorders, among other psychiatric conditions.Attempts to explain the differences between males and females in cognitive functioning fall into two major classes: biological and psychosocial factors. The former include genetic influences on cognitive performance, the contribution of sex hormones, and the possibility of differential brain structures. The latter include a wide range of social and psychological factors: sex roles and sex-role stereotypes, socialization processes throughout the life cycle, individual differences, and educational experiences. It is often assumed that the two classes of exp...

show abstract

Sex and Aggression: The Influence of Gender Label on the Perception of Aggression in Children

Cited by 81 publications

References 40 publications

Stereotypes, theory of mind, and the action–prediction hierarchy

Stereotypes, theory of mind, and the action–prediction hierarchy

Adolescents' Predictions of Aggressive Behavioral Patterns in Different Settings

Antecedents of Gender Differences*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About