Sex as a factor in spatial delayed-response performance by rhesus monkeys.

McDowell, A. A.; Brown, Wade H.; McTee, A. C.

doi:10.1037/h0043372

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Hagger, Bachevalier, and Bercu (1986) reported effects ofandrogens on habit formation in infant rhesus monkeys. Sex differences in delayed-response performance in adult monkeys also have been reported, with females performing more proficiently than males (McDowell, Brown, & McTee, 1960). Sex differences in cognitive function probably appear at different life stages, depending on the specific function being tapped (Waber, 1977).…”

Section: Sexual Dimorphism In Cognitive Functionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Gonadal hormones influence the emergence of cortical function in nonhuman primates.

Clark¹,

Goldman‐Rakic²

1989

Behavioral Neuroscience

130

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The role of gonadal hormones in the maturation of the orbital prefrontal cortex (ORB) was studied in normal male and female rhesus monkeys, monkeys given ORB lesions at 50 days of age, and female monkeys given androgen at different ages. Monkeys were tested on an object discrimination reversal task at 75 days of age. Gender influenced the performance of monkeys on the task during normal development and after ORB lesions. Normal males made fewer errors than did normal females. Females treated with androgen performed similarly to normal male monkeys. ORB lesions produced deficits in male monkeys and in females given androgen during late prenatal or early postnatal life, but not in normal females. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones may play an inductive role in the differentiation of higher cortical function in nonhuman primates.

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Section: Sexual Dimorphism In Cognitive Functionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Gonadal hormones influence the emergence of cortical function in nonhuman primates.

Clark¹,

Goldman‐Rakic²

1989

Behavioral Neuroscience

130

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“…These neuroimaging data are particularly interesting in light of frontal lobe findings in nonhuman primates. McDowell et al (3) found that, compared with male monkeys, females learned quicker and performed better a classic PFC task, delayed response, that shares with the WCS an important working memory component. Also, the age at which cognitive deficits emerged after early orbital PFC lesions depended on the sex of the animal, with males being impaired earlier than females (4) and cognitive deficits being seen in male monkeys and in female monkeys given androgens but not in untreated female monkeys (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, we could isolate the effects of estrogen and progesterone by administering them individually. We examined rCBF during cognition that targeted the frontal lobes because animal studies (3)(4)(5) and previous brain imaging work (for review, see ref. 6) have suggested that hormonal state may have particular relevance for this brain area.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: A positron-emission tomography study in women

Berman

Schmidt

Rubinow

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

303

184

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There is considerable evidence from animal studies that gonadal steroid hormones modulate neuronal activity and affect behavior. To study this in humans directly, we used H 2 15 O positron-emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood f low (rCBF) in young women during three pharmacologically controlled hormonal conditions spanning 4-5 months: ovarian suppression induced by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide acetate (Lupron), Lupron plus estradiol replacement, and Lupron plus progesterone replacement. Estradiol and progesterone were administered in a double-blind cross-over design. On each occasion positron-emission tomography scans were performed during (i) the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a neuropsychological test that physiologically activates prefrontal cortex (PFC) and an associated cortical network including inferior parietal lobule and posterior inferolateral temporal gyrus, and (ii) a no-delay matching-to-sample sensorimotor control task. During treatment with Lupron alone (i.e., with virtual absence of gonadal steroid hormones), there was marked attenuation of the typical Wisconsin Card Sorting Test activation pattern even though task performance did not change. Most strikingly, there was no rCBF increase in PFC. When either progesterone or estrogen was added to the Lupron regimen, there was normalization of the rCBF activation pattern with augmentation of the parietal and temporal foci and return of the dorsolateral PFC activation. These data directly demonstrate that the hormonal milieu modulates cognition-related neural activity in humans.An extensive body of data from animal studies indicates that gonadal steroid hormones modulate neuronal activity and affect behavior. In humans, however, the behavioral and cognitive evidence has not been conclusive, and direct neurophysiological data are scant. Effects of gonadal steroids in the human central nervous system have been inferred largely from behavioral changes during the menstrual cycle, during administration of ovarian hormones, or in a gender-specific context. These inferences are, by definition, indirect and associational and, further, are incapable of disentangling the effects of hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which are simultaneously present in women of reproductive age. We directly tested the central nervous system effects of gonadal steroid hormones in young women by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as a marker of local neuronal activity and by controlling their hormonal states with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist leuprolide acetate (Lupron).GnRH is produced by the hypothalamus and causes the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. Lupron is a synthetic nonapeptide used clinically when suppression and͞or control of gonadal steroid secretion is the goal, such as in infertility and endometriosis in women and prostate cancer in men. It is some 80-100 times more potent than native GnRH at anterior pituitary receptors (1), an...

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“…This maturation effect even seems to be sex dependent, that is, after OF lesions, male monkeys were found to be impaired at a much earlier age than were females (Goldman, Crawford, Stokes, Galkin, & Rosvold, 1974). For the adult monkey, McDowell, Brown, & McTee (1960) also referred to sex as a varia-ble influencing DR performance. Female monkeys seem to show greater inhibition of distractibility.…”

Section: Delayed-reaction-type Tasjtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of prefrontal learning functions in rats, cats, and monkeys.

Markowitsch¹,

Pritzel²

1977

Psychological Bulletin

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Sex as a factor in spatial delayed-response performance by rhesus monkeys.

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Gonadal hormones influence the emergence of cortical function in nonhuman primates.

Gonadal hormones influence the emergence of cortical function in nonhuman primates.

Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: A positron-emission tomography study in women

Comparative analysis of prefrontal learning functions in rats, cats, and monkeys.

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