Sex-dependent immune response and lethality of COVID-19

Li, Albert Jiarui; Li, Xiajun

doi:10.1016/j.scr.2020.102116

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Many studies show higher COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and fatality in men [ 32 , 33 ], while others do not [ 34 , 35 ]. In human cases, behavioural and social factors influence the sex distribution of human cases [ 36 ]. There is no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection independently spreading in the dog population [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Dog Population in Croatia: Host Factors and Clinical Outcome

Stevanović

Tabain

Vilibić-Čavlek

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Over a year into the COVID-19 pandemic, there is growing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infections among dogs are more common than previously thought. In this study, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was investigated in two dog populations. The first group was comprised of 1069 dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for any given reason. The second group included dogs that shared households with confirmed COVID-19 cases in humans. This study group numbered 78 dogs. In COVID-19 infected households, 43.9% tested ELISA positive, and neutralising antibodies were detected in 25.64% of dogs. Those data are comparable with the secondary attack rate in the human population. With 14.69% of dogs in the general population testing ELISA positive, there was a surge of SARS-CoV-2 infections within the dog population amid the second wave of the pandemic. Noticeably seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the dog and the human population did not differ at the end of the study period. Male sex, breed and age were identified as significant risk factors. This study gives strong evidence that while acute dog infections are mostly asymptomatic, they can pose a significant risk to dog health. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, samples for viral isolation and PCR were unavailable. Still, seropositive dogs had a 1.97 times greater risk for developing central nervous symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Dog Population in Croatia: Host Factors and Clinical Outcome

Stevanović

Tabain

Vilibić-Čavlek

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Similarly, COVID-19 in male patients are also associated with more serious manifestations and a subsequent higher fatality rate even though some variations have been reported in certain countries [163,164]. Several countries such as Greece, Dominican Republic, Romania, and the Netherlands have reported high male/female ratios in terms of COVID-19-associated mortalities [162,164,165]. TMPRSS2 is a serine protease that contributes to the process of receptor mediated entry of SARS-CoV-2 by priming the Spike glycoprotein [166].…”

Section: Degree Of Difference In Cytokines Storm In Relation To Age Sex and Co-morbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses

et al. 2021

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The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though preventive vaccines and treatment methods are out on the market, a specific cure for the disease has not been discovered. Recent investigations and research studies primarily focus on the immunopathology of the disease. A healthy immune system responds immediately after viral entry, causing immediate viral annihilation and recovery. However, an impaired immune system causes extensive systemic damage due to an unregulated immune response characterized by the hypersecretion of chemokines and cytokines. The elevated levels of cytokine or hypercytokinemia leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) along with multiple organ damage. Moreover, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with race, gender, and age; hence, this viral infection’s outcome differs among the patients. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on immunomodulation have been tested out to assuage the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the diverse signaling pathways triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is essential before contemplating relief measures. This present review explains the interrelationships of hyperinflammatory response or cytokine storm with organ damage and the disease severity. Furthermore, we have thrown light on the diverse mechanisms and risk factors that influence pathogenesis and the molecular pathways that lead to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple organ damage. Recognition of altered pathways of a dysregulated immune system can be a loophole to identify potential target markers. Identifying biomarkers in the dysregulated pathway can aid in better clinical management for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. A special focus has also been given to potent inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic options to ameliorate cytokine storm and inflammatory responses in patients affected with COVID-19.

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“…48,49 The highest ratios of COVID-19-associated male/female mortalities have been reported in Greece, Romania, Netherlands, and the Dominican Republic. 49,50 This sex-biased illness severity and mortality might be ascribed to varying immune response, where females mount more robust cell-mediated, innate, and humoral immunity levels than male counterparts. 51 Though females have a more robust immune response following infection with pathogenic microorganisms, the intensified immune response can also trigger immunopathology.…”

Section: Gender Variation and Its Influence On The Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The male patients are likely to show more serious manifestations accompanied by a higher fatality rate though it also varies among various countries 48,49 . The highest ratios of COVID‐19‐associated male/female mortalities have been reported in Greece, Romania, Netherlands, and the Dominican Republic 49,50 . This sex‐biased illness severity and mortality might be ascribed to varying immune response, where females mount more robust cell‐mediated, innate, and humoral immunity levels than male counterparts 51 .…”

Section: Gender Variation and Its Influence On The Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19): A scoping review

Vadakedath

Kandi

Mohapatra³

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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The human immune system is not adequately equipped to eliminate new microbes and could result in serious damage on first exposure. This is primarily attributed to the exaggerated immune response (inflammatory disease), which may prove detrimental to the host, as evidenced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. From the experiences of Novel Coronavirus Disease‐19 to date, male patients are likely to suffer from high‐intensity inflammation and disease severity than the female population. Hormones are considered the significant pillars of sex differences responsible for the discrepancy in immune response exhibited by males and females. Females appear to be better equipped to counter invading respiratory viral pathogens, including the novel SARS‐CoV‐2, than males. It can be hypothesized that females are more shielded from disease severity, probably owing to the diverse action/influence of estrogen and other sex hormones on both cellular (thymus‐derived T lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (antibodies).

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Sex-dependent immune response and lethality of COVID-19

Cited by 24 publications

References 65 publications

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Dog Population in Croatia: Host Factors and Clinical Outcome

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Dog Population in Croatia: Host Factors and Clinical Outcome

Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses

Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19): A scoping review

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