Sex difference in muscular strength in equally-trained men and women

Bishop, Phillip A.; Cureton, Kirk J.; Collins, Michael D.

doi:10.1080/00140138708969760

Cited by 154 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These strongly indicate that in men and women of similar training status, muscle mass is the biggest factor contributing to the gender differences in strength. In agreement with this, previous studies reported that gender and muscle cross-sectional area account, respectively, for 3% (2% of the variance in leg strength and 1% of arm strength) and 97% of the variance in muscle strength in equally trained men and women (Bishop et al 1987;Hosler and Morrow 1982). Hence body-size-independent strength measurements are important particularly when comparing persons of different body sizes (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…While several factors such as efficient motor unit utilization, motor learning effect and variations in day-to-day activities can affect regional muscle strength and force production capacity, there is evidence that the capability for expression of strength per muscle unit is equal in men and women (Schantz et al 1983;Shephard 2000). In equally trained men and women the absolute strength difference has been shown to be almost entirely due to the difference in muscle mass (Bishop et al 1987;Miller et al 1993). Studies using different techniques (including BIA) to estimate the muscle mass in both genders have commonly reported significantly more appendicular muscle in men than women in both the upper (torso and arm) and lower body (Abe et al 2003;Gallagher and Heymsfield 1998;Gallagher et al 1997;Janssen et al 2000b;Miller et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a limited number of studies looking at to what extent gender differences in strength can be explained by body composition in general and SMM in particular. In two separate groups of athletes (24 male and 25 female swimmers) and non-athletes (23 male and 25 female), Bishop et al investigated the upper-and lower-body strength in relation to indices of body mass (FFM and fat-free cross-sectional area) and reported that gender differences in strength were eliminated for handgrip, leg press and leg extension strengths but not for curl and bench press measures (Bishop et al 1987). In another study of 85 subjects, Hosler et al used multiple regressions to determine the amount of variance in the strength of arms and legs relative to body composition, following which gender differences were eliminated for the lower extremity strength (Hosler and Morrow 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscle strength and its relationship with skeletal muscle mass indices as determined by segmental bio-impedance analysis

et al. 2013

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PurposeDespite increasing interest in bio-impedance analysis (BIA) for estimation of segmental skeletal muscle mass (SMM), published results have not been entirely convincing. Furthermore, a better understanding of the relationship between muscle strength and SMM will be useful in interpreting outcomes of physical/training interventions particularly in groups with diverse body sizes (e.g. men vs women). This study aimed to measure SMM in the upper body (upper extremity and torso), to determine its correlation with muscle strength, and to examine the effects of gender on muscle strength-muscle mass relationship. MethodsSegmental (upper extremity and torso) SMM and muscle strength in five distinct shoulder planes (forward flexion, abduction in scapular plane, abduction in coronal plane, internal and external rotation) were measured in 45 healthy participants (22 males, 23 females) with mean age 30.3 years. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. ResultsMen and women differed significantly in body mass (BMI: 25.9+4.3 vs 23+3.6) and SMM (p<0.01). A strong relationship correlation was found between the five shoulder strength measurements and upper extremity SMM (r=0.66-0.80, p<0.01), which was not affected by gender. There was a significant gender difference (p<0.01) in absolute shoulder strength but not after normalisation to the SMM. ConclusionBIA-estimated SMM of upper extremity and torso were highly correlated with upper extremity (shoulder) strength independent of gender. SMM may therefore be useful for the normalisation of muscle strength allowing size-independent comparisons of muscle strength in individuals with diverse physical characteristics.3

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscle strength and its relationship with skeletal muscle mass indices as determined by segmental bio-impedance analysis

et al. 2013

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“…Furthermore, only one significant relationship suggested that greater strength related to sprint potentiation. There was a very large relationship between relative strength, which is arguably more important within this study due to the combination of male and female subjects [40], and sprint potentiation in the 0-10 m interval 12 min post the 5RM WL. Several studies have acknowledged that stronger individuals are more likely to experience greater PAP in power-based exercises following a strength intervention [5 -8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Limited Post-activation Potentiation Effects Provided by the Walking Lunge on Sprint Acceleration: A Preliminary Analysis

Lockie¹,

Lazar²,

Risso³

et al. 2017

TOSSJ

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“…In addition, the relative differences between the boys and girls in both CSA and CSA/LBM 2/3 for every muscle group tended to be smaller in the athletes than in the nonathletes. Bishop et al (1987) suggested behaviorally linked differences in the amount of participation in strength-developing activities as a reason for sex differences in muscle strength for the nonathletic population. This may be applied to explain the greater sex differences in muscle CSA for the nonathletes compared to the athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Cross-sectional Areas of Psoas Major and Thigh Muscles in High School Track and Field Athletes and Nonathletes

Hoshikawa

Muramatsu

Iida

et al. 2011

J Physiol Anthropol

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The present study aimed to examine the sex differences in the cross-sectional areas of the psoas major, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and adductors in high school track and field athletes and nonathletes. The cross-sectional areas of the psoas major at L4-L5 and three thigh muscles at the mid-thigh were determined in the right side of the body using magnetic resonance imaging in 61 sprinters (29 boys and 32 girls), 50 jumpers (28 boys and 22 girls), 33 throwers (18 boys and 15 girls), and 40 nonathletes (20 boys and 20 girls), aged from 16 to 18 yrs. On the whole, the cross-sectional area for every muscle group was greater in the athletes than in the nonathletes and in the boys than in the girls. The average value of the cross-sectional area for the girls as a percentage of that for the boys in every subject group was lower in the psoas major (57.6-64.7%) than in the thigh muscles (67.8-82.9%). Among the thigh muscles, the muscle group which showed significant sex differences in the ratio of cross-sectional area to the two-third power of lean body mass was limited to the quadriceps femoris in the sprinters and nonathletes and hamstrings in the throwers. However, the ratio for the psoas major was significantly higher in the boys than in the girls in all subject groups. The current results indicate that, although regular participation in sports training during adolescence promotes hypertrophy in the psoas major and thigh muscles in not only boys but also girls, a greater sex difference exists in the muscularity of the psoas major than of the thigh muscles, in athletes and nonathletes.

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Sex difference in muscular strength in equally-trained men and women

Cited by 154 publications

References 9 publications

Muscle strength and its relationship with skeletal muscle mass indices as determined by segmental bio-impedance analysis

Muscle strength and its relationship with skeletal muscle mass indices as determined by segmental bio-impedance analysis

Limited Post-activation Potentiation Effects Provided by the Walking Lunge on Sprint Acceleration: A Preliminary Analysis

Sex Differences in the Cross-sectional Areas of Psoas Major and Thigh Muscles in High School Track and Field Athletes and Nonathletes

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