Sex differences in entrepreneurs’ business growth intentions: an identity approach

Zampetakis, Leonidas A.; Bakatsaki, Maria; Kafetsios, Konstantinos; Moustakis, Vassilis

doi:10.1186/s13731-016-0057-5

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This opens the road for researchers to examine other theoretical variables that influence the lower entrepreneurial intention of women, For example Zampetakis et al (2016) proposed that gender identity, that is the extent to which people incorporate gender roles into their self-concepts, is a promising construct for the study of gender differences in intentions related to entrepreneurship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it has been found that for women who work in gender incongruent occupations dominated by men, the experience of discrimination has a negative association with their well-being ( Maddox, 2013 ; Di Marco et al, 2016 ). Being a member of two traditionally unrelated groups (i.e., being a woman and an entrepreneur) is not an easy task for women ( Zampetakis et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender-based Differential Item Functioning in the Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior for the Study of Entrepreneurial Intentions

et al. 2017

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Over the past years the percentage of female entrepreneurs has increased, yet it is still far below of that for males. Although various attempts have been made to explain differences in mens’ and women’s entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions, the extent to which those differences are due to self-report biases has not been yet considered. The present study utilized Differential Item Functioning (DIF) to compare men and women’s reporting on entrepreneurial intentions. DIF occurs in situations where members of different groups show differing probabilities of endorsing an item despite possessing the same level of the ability that the item is intended to measure. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the present study investigated whether constructs such as entrepreneurial attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and intention would show gender differences and whether these gender differences could be explained by DIF. Using DIF methods on a dataset of 1800 Greek participants (50.4% female) indicated that differences at the item-level are almost non-existent. Moreover, the differential test functioning (DTF) analysis, which allows assessing the overall impact of DIF effects with all items being taken into account simultaneously, suggested that the effect of DIF across all the items for each scale was negligible. Future research should consider that measurement invariance can be assumed when using TPB constructs for the study of entrepreneurial motivation independent of gender.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-based Differential Item Functioning in the Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior for the Study of Entrepreneurial Intentions

et al. 2017

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“…No nível individual, estudos têm mostrado a importância do empreendedor na promoção do crescimento da empresa, por meio de motivações, intenções e expectativas de crescimento (Lasch, Le Roy, & Yami, 2007;Rasmussen, Ladegard, & Korhonen-Sande, 2016). No entanto, intenções representam apenas a primeira etapa do processo de crescimento (Zampetakis, Bakatsaki, Kafetsios & Moustakis, 2016). Como o empreendedor exerce um papel central no processo de crescimento (Rasmussen et al, 2016), há outros aspectos, além dos motivacionais, que podem influenciar o crescimento de negócios.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Crescimento de Empresas na Perspectiva de Pequenos Empreendedores de Base Tecnológica

Machado

2018

Rev. adm. contemp.

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Resumo O crescimento pode ser analisado sob diferentes níveis: ambiente, empresa e empreendedor. No nível do empreendedor, são escassas as pesquisas anteriores que abordaram percepções de empreendedores sobre dificuldades e determinantes de crescimento, as quais podem influenciar intenções e estratégias de crescimento. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender o processo do crescimento de empresas de base tecnológica, na perspectiva de empreendedores, focando determinantes e dificuldades de crescimento. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com seis empreendedores, utilizando entrevistas abertas, que foram transcritas e codificadas com suporte do software N Vivo versão 9. As determinantes de crescimento para os empreendedores abrangem ações deles, da gestão das empresas e do ambiente. As dificuldades de crescimento foram mencionadas apenas no nível da gestão e do ambiente. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de percepções do empreendedor na compreensão do processo de crescimento, enquanto fenômeno multidimensional. Os resultados oferecem subsídios para formulação de políticas voltadas ao crescimento de pequenas e médias empresas de software.

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“…The image of the entrepreneur has traditionally been masculinized and rooted in masculine discourse [75]. Moreover, research has found that for women who work in gender incongruent occupations dominated by men, the experience of discrimination has a negative association with their well-being [76].…”

Section: Comparisons Based On Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

College Students’ Entrepreneurial Mindset: Educational Experiences Override Gender and Major

Jung

Lee

2020

Sustainability

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Entrepreneurship education has been popularly adopted in higher education contexts. Although evidence-based implementations of such education are widely acknowledged as beneficial, valid assessments of it are sparse. One possible outcome of entrepreneurship education is a change in students’ entrepreneurial mindset, which can be measured by the recently validated College Students’ Entrepreneurial Mindset Scale (CS-EMS). However, this scale awaits evidence regarding measurement invariance. This study aims to (1) examine measurement invariance of the CS-EMS; (2) compare the latent and observed means across groups based on gender, major, and educational experiences; and (3) investigate the conditional effects of the three grouping variables. Using data from 317 Korean college students’ survey responses, we conducted sequential tests of factorial invariance and latent mean comparisons using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, the conditional effects of the gender, major, and educational experiences were tested by structural equation modeling. The results indicate that strict invariance held for the groups compared by either gender or educational experiences, while scalar invariance held between the engineering and non-engineering groups. While the male, engineering, and educational experience groups generally scored higher on both the latent and observed sub-scales, the results of the conditional effects of grouping variables indicated that educational experiences mattered most. One practical implication for the educators is that the CS-EMS is a promising assessment tool for addressing the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, especially when the targeted educational goals are any of its sub-constructs.

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Sex differences in entrepreneurs’ business growth intentions: an identity approach

Cited by 40 publications

References 61 publications

Gender-based Differential Item Functioning in the Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior for the Study of Entrepreneurial Intentions

Gender-based Differential Item Functioning in the Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior for the Study of Entrepreneurial Intentions

Crescimento de Empresas na Perspectiva de Pequenos Empreendedores de Base Tecnológica

College Students’ Entrepreneurial Mindset: Educational Experiences Override Gender and Major

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