Sex differences in mental disorder symptoms among Canadian police officers: the mediating role of social support, stress, and sleep quality

Angehrn, Andréanne; Vig, Kelsey D.; Mason, J. D. T.; Stelnicki, Andrea M.; Shields, Robyn E.; Asmundson, Gordon J. G.; Carleton, R. Nicholas

doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1877338

Cited by 22 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Recent study in China showed the oral mucosal disorder is closely associated with psychological factors [ 9 ]. In contrary to Canadian police officers [ 30 ], where policewomen were reported to have greater mental disorder rates relative to the general population, policewomen in China mainly perform general affairs and might have lower psychological pressure so that they have less oral mucosal diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral submucosal fibrosis and oral leukoplakia in doctor/nurse and police officer population

Liu

Yin³

et al. 2022

BMC Oral Health

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Background The doctor/nurse and police officer population have some common typical characteristics of great professional pressure and night shift and past studies indicated oral mucosa lesions were closely associated with psychological factors and health-risking behaviors, however the prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and the two commonly seen oral potentially malignant disorders of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and oral leukoplakia in doctor/nurse and police officer in the Betel quid chewing city of Mainland China is unknown The cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence differences of RAS, oral leukoplakia and OSF among doctor/nurse, police officer and non-doctor/nurse and non-police officer population aged 20–59 years. Methods RAS, OSF and oral leukoplakia were examined in doctor/nurse group (male: 659, female: 2439), police officer group (male: 839, female: 262) and non-doctor/nurse and non-police officer group (male: 7576, female: 8129) from 2020-11-01 to 2021-08-31 in Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital in Changsha city, Hunan province. Results The prevalence rates of RAS, OSF, oral leukoplakia and oral leukoplakia combined with OSF in male and female non-doctor/nurse and non-police officer group are 8.32‰ and 10.83‰, 58.08‰ and 1.23‰, 11.75‰ and 0.25‰, 7.66‰ and 0.12‰ respectively. Compared with the non-doctor/nurse and non-police officer population, prevalence rates of RAS in male (24.27‰) and female (20.50‰) doctor/nurse population were significantly higher. Prevalence rates of OSF (21.24‰) and oral leukoplakia (3.03‰) in male doctor/nurse population were significantly less but prevalence rates of OSF (93.71‰), oral leukoplakia (20.17‰) and oral leukoplakia combined with OSF (15.42‰) for male police officer were significantly greater in comparison with male non-doctor/nurse and non-police officer group. OSF and oral leukoplakia prevalence rates were obvious lower for the female than the counterpart male group, but there were no significant differences of OSF and oral leukoplakia prevalence rates between the female non-doctor/nurse and non-police officer and female doctor/nurse group. Oral leukoplakia was not found in the female police officers. Conclusions Doctor/nurse population have higher prevalence of RAS. Male doctors/nurses have lower prevalence of OSF and oral leukoplakia, while male police officers have higher prevalence of OSF, oral leukoplakia and oral leukoplakia combined with OSF.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral submucosal fibrosis and oral leukoplakia in doctor/nurse and police officer population

Liu

Yin³

et al. 2022

BMC Oral Health

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“…Finally, the current results are exploratory in nature. Evidence suggests that while both men and women police officers are at a greater risk of mental disorders than the general population, the risk is increased for police women, relative to men [ 5 , 6 ]. While the current research highlights important differences in the experience of policing for men and women officers, more research is needed in order to understand how a career in policing, coupled with experiences of gender-discrimination, specifically contribute to women police officers’ mental health challenges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Police officers appear to be at higher risk of several different mental disorders than the general population, arguably because of the nature of their work [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Women in Canadian municipal or provincial police organizations appear to be 1.66 times more likely than their men colleagues to screen positive for a mental disorder and report elevated symptoms of various mental disorders relative to men [ 3 , 5 , 6 ]. Furthermore, women in the police service report organizational stressors specific to gender (e.g., experiences of criticism, gender bias, discrimination, and sexual harassment) [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Suck It Up, Buttercup”: Understanding and Overcoming Gender Disparities in Policing

Angehrn

Fletcher

Carleton

2021

IJERPH

Self Cite

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Women police officers report elevated symptoms of mental disorders when compared to men police officers. Researchers have indicated that the occupational experience of policing differs greatly among men and women. Indeed, police culture is characterized by hegemonic masculinity, which appears to negatively impact both men and women. The current study examined the contrast between the experiences of men and women police officers. Police officers (n = 17; 9 women) in Saskatchewan participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic network analysis identified themes related to the experience of policing for both men and women police officers. There were six organizing themes identified in relation to the global theme of Gendered Experiences: (1) Discrimination; (2) Sexual Harassment; (3) Motherhood and Parental Leave; (4) Identity; (5) Stereotypically Feminine Attributes; and (6) Hegemonic Masculinity. Pervasive gender norms appear detrimental for both men and women police officers, as well as the communities they serve. The current results, coupled with the emerging disposition for progress expressed by police services, offer opportunities to develop tailored and focused interventions and policies to support police officers.

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“…On the surface, this neglect appears driven (somewhat ironically) by explicit recommendations that psychologists should avoid disclosing experiences of mental illness (e.g., Appleby & Appleby, 2006), as disclosures may be viewed as "unprofessional," "inappropriate," and create the impression that someone is "unable to function" (Devendorf, 2020). Additionally, there are perceptions that lived experience can "bias the objectivity" of a psychologist (Victor et al, 2021), which may motivate individuals to hide their experiences and to disincentivize psychological scientists from scrutinizing the mental illness experiences of our own profession as we do others (e.g., Angehrn et al, 2021;Campbell et al, 2018). Limiting such open discussions about mental health has seemingly created the notion that psychologists do not, or ought not to, experience mental illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inattention to mental health difficulties within the field is also potentially hypocritical, as applied psychologists have been known to examine the prevalence of mental illness in other professions, such as policing (Angehrn et al, 2021) and the military (Campbell et al, 2018), and make impassioned arguments for improving access to mental health care (Kazdin & Blase, 2013) and decreasing stigma towards mental illness (Maranzan, 2016). These outreach activities render the lack of research on mental illness within the professions of applied psychology all the more perplexing.…”

Section: Only Human: Mental Health Difficulties Among Clinical Counseling and School Psychology Faculty And Traineesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Only human: Mental health difficulties among clinical, counseling, and school psychology faculty and trainees

Se¹,

Devendorf²,

Lewis³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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How common is mental illness among applied psychologists? This question is paradoxically neglected, perhaps because disclosure and discussion of lived mental health difficulties remains taboo within the field. This study documented high rates of current and lifetime mental health difficulties and diagnoses (MHDD) among faculty, graduate students, and others affiliated with accredited doctoral and internship programs in clinical, counseling, and school psychology. Over 80% of respondents (N = 1,395 of 1,692) reported lifetime mental health difficulties, and nearly half reported a formal mental health diagnosis. The most commonly reported lifetime MHDD were depression (over 55%), generalized anxiety disorder (over 50%), and suicidal thoughts or behaviors (over 40%), while bipolar (< 2%) and psychotic disorders (< 1%) were among the least reported. Most respondents with MHDD (90%) reported mild or no impairment in professional domains due to MHDD. Graduate students were more likely to endorse MHDD than faculty and were more likely to report professional impairment. Overall, lifetime rates of psychopathology within clinical, counseling, and school psychology faculty and trainees were similar to or greater than those observed in the general population. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest specific directions for future research on this heretofore neglected topic.

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Sex differences in mental disorder symptoms among Canadian police officers: the mediating role of social support, stress, and sleep quality

Cited by 22 publications

References 73 publications

Prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral submucosal fibrosis and oral leukoplakia in doctor/nurse and police officer population

Prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral submucosal fibrosis and oral leukoplakia in doctor/nurse and police officer population

“Suck It Up, Buttercup”: Understanding and Overcoming Gender Disparities in Policing

Only human: Mental health difficulties among clinical, counseling, and school psychology faculty and trainees

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