Sex differences in morphometric aspects of the peripheral nerves and related diseases

Moriyama, Hiroshi; Hayashi, Shogo; Inoue, Yuriko; Itoh, Masahiro; Otsuka, Naruhito

doi:10.3233/nre-161372

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The current study included mainly female participants, which may have possibly limited the generalizability of the findings. Although research on this topic is limited, previous studies in animals 43 and in humans 44 , 45 have found no consistent differences on vagus nerve morphology between males and females. However, effects of tVNS on LC-NE activity may be different for men and women due to differences in morphology of the LC and CRF1 receptors 46 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication

Burger

Diest

Does

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (tVNS) may accelerate fear extinction in healthy humans. Here, we aimed to investigate this hypothesis in healthy young participants in a prepared learning paradigm, using spider pictures as conditioned stimuli. After a fear conditioning phase, participants were randomly allocated to receive tVNS (final N = 42) or sham stimulation (final N = 43) during an extinction phase. Conditioned fear was assessed using US expectancy ratings, skin conductance and fear potentiated startle responses. After successful fear acquisition, participants in both groups showed a reduction of fear over the course of the extinction phase. There were no between-group differences in extinction rates for physiological indices of fear. Contrary to previous findings, participants in the tVNS condition also did not show accelerated declarative extinction learning. Participants in the tVNS condition did have lower initial US expectancy ratings for the CS− trials than those who received sham stimulation, which may indicate an enhanced processing of safety cues due to tVNS. In conclusion, the expected accelerated extinction due to tVNS was not observed. The results from this study call for more research on the optimal tVNS stimulation intensity settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication

Burger

Diest

Does

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…They suggested that this could be one reason for the overrepresentation of women in vestibular disorders. In a further study, Moriyama et al (2016) studied the vestibular nerves of 10 Japanese men and 10 women. They again found that women exhibited significantly fewer myelinated axons than men (P Ͻ 0.05), although there was no significant difference in the total number of axons, the average transverse area, or the average circularity ratio of myelinated axons.…”

Section: Anatomic Differences In Humans and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include a smaller peripheral vestibular system, fewer myelinated axons in the vestibular nerve, and fewer neurons in the MVN, in females. The difference in myelinated axons in the vestibular nerve was suggested by Moriyama et al (2007Moriyama et al ( , 2016 to be a possible explanation for the overrepresentation of vestibular disorders among women, although it is not clear how this might be the case. Presumably, fewer myelinated fibers would mean that vestibular information is transmitted more slowly to the vestibular nucleus and cerebellum.…”

Section: Other Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism in vestibular function and dysfunction

Smith

Agrawal

Darlington

2019

Journal of Neurophysiology

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It has been recognized for some time that females appear to be overrepresented in the incidence of many vestibular disorders, and recent epidemiological studies further support this idea. While it is possible that this is due to a reporting bias, another possibility is that there are actual differences in the incidence of vestibular dysfunction between males and females. If this is true, it could be due to a sexual dimorphism in vestibular function and therefore dysfunction, possibly related to the hormonal differences between females and males, although the higher incidence of vestibular dysfunction in females appears to last long after menopause. Many other neurochemical differences exist between males and females, however, that could be implicated in sexual dimorphism. This review critically explores the possibility of sexual dimorphism in vestibular function and dysfunction, and the implications it may have for the treatment of vestibular disorders.

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“…Morphometric analysis of Scarpa's ganglion axons has found no difference between women and men in average transverse area, and significantly fewer myelinated axons in women than in men (18,022 compared with 21,006; Moriyama et al, 2007). Other than the X cranial nerve, the vestibular portion of the VIII cranial nerve was the only one of 13 peripheral nerves to show a sex difference in a morphometric comparison (Moriyama et al, 2016). However, the XI cranial nerve, which innervates the sternocleidomastoid, was not included in the morphometric comparison, and on available data can only be evaluated for sex difference using a conduction study (Cleavenger et al, 2019).…”

Section: Possible Causation Affecting the Vestibulo-collic Reflex Arcmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sexual Dimorphism in VEMP peak to trough Latency

Gattie

Lieven

Kluk

2023

Preprint

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The cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) was assessed in 24 women and 24 men having a mean age of 19.5 years (SD 0.7). Whilst there was no group difference in VEMP peak to trough (p1-n1) amplitude, VEMP p1-n1 latency was found to be shorter for women than for men by 2.4 ms (95% CI [-0.9, -3.9], chi squared (1) 9.6, p = 0.0020). This equates to 21% of the mean 11.4 ms VEMP p1-n1 latency across women and men. It is a reversal of findings in several prior studies, which are reviewed here. Statistical modelling based on the current study suggests some prior studies were underpowered to detect a sex difference in VEMP latency. Possible causes for sex difference in VEMPs are discussed. Candidate explanations include head resonance, superposition of motor unit action potentials and influence of sex hormones. These explanations are not mutually exclusive, and multiple factors may contribute to difference in VEMP measurement between women and men. This study used a methodology developed in Gattie et al. (2021), which addresses sound exposure concerns with the high amplitude air conducted stimuli necessary to evoke a VEMP response. It is suggested that body conducted stimuli may be preferable for VEMP testing in which ear-specific information is not required.

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Sex differences in morphometric aspects of the peripheral nerves and related diseases

Cited by 7 publications

References 52 publications

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication

Sexual dimorphism in vestibular function and dysfunction

Sexual Dimorphism in VEMP peak to trough Latency

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