Sex differences in student?teacher interactions in the college classroom

The Consolidation of Responsibility and Students' Definitions of Situation in the Mixed-Age College Classroom

“…The mean total interaction per student in a given session was 1.9. Contrary to some previous research (see, for example, Brooks, 1982;Constantinople et al, 1988;Crawford, & MacLeod, 1990;Fassinger, 1995;Pearson & West, 1991;Sternglanz & Lyberger-Ficek, 1977), a nearly equal percentage of females and males participated in discussion (53.1 % to 51.5%), and females participants outpaced their male counterparts in terms of mean interactions per student (2.07 to 1.55). Consistent with previous research (Howard et al, 1996;Howard & Henney, 1998), a much higher percentage of nontraditional students (age 25 or over) participated than traditional students (59.8% to 47.1 %).…”

Students' Motives for Communicating with their Instructors: Considering Instructor Socio-communicative Style, Student Socio-communicative Orientation, and Student Gender

“…Female students ask fewer questions in classes with male instructors (Constantinople, Cornelius, & Gray, 1988), are less assertive in asking questions (Pearson & West, 1991), and appear less confident than male students (Crawford & MacLeod, 1990;Hall & Sandler, 1982). Male students participate more frequently in class, even when female students outnumber them (Constantinople et al, 1988;Sternglantz & Lyberger-Ficek, 1977). These behaviors may be reflected by the motives they report for communicating with their instructors.…”

Beneath the numbers: A review of gender disparities in undergraduate education across science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines

“…Sternglanz and Lyberger-Fick [37] is the earliest study that we found on student participation in STEM college classrooms. The researchers in this study observed 16 "natural science" courses that had predominately male enrollment and were taught by male instructors.…”