Sex differences in the fetal programming of hypertension

Grigore, Daniela; Ojeda, Norma B.; Alexander, Barbara T.

doi:10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.012

Cited by 170 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Many studies have found gender differences in foetal programming of some chronic diseases in animal models. [25][26][27] For example, consistent with our results, a study of pregnant mice revealed a gender-specific effect on foetal programming of blood pressure. 25 With regard to vascular structure, Gariepy et al have suggested possible protection of the female gender from early structural arterial alteration due to smoking, on the basis of the finding that smoking-related increase in intima-media thickness exists only in men, and not in women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Gender differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood growth trajectories: multilevel analysis

et al. 2010

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in Koshu City, Japan, and their mothers. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy was the exposure studied. Main outcome measures: Childhood body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score trajectories of the children born to the smoking and non-smoking mothers by gender. Multilevel analysis that includes both individual and age as different-level variables was used for statistical analyses. Results: The participating mothers delivered 1619 babies during the study period. Birth weight and anthropometric data were collected from 1603 (at birth, 99.0%), 1358 (at age 3, 83.9%), 1248 (at age 5, 77.1%), 1270 (at age 7-8, 78.4%) and 1274 (at age 9-10, 78.7%) of these children. The mean birth weight of both the male and female children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy was significantly low compared with those born to non-smoking mothers (Po0.01). However, the childhood BMI at each subsequent checkup age significantly increased only among the male children born to the smoking mothers. Moreover, this increase was continuously observed after 3 years of age. The results of BMI z-score analysis were also similar to these of BMI analysis. Conclusions: Smoking by pregnant women decreases the infant birth weight irrespective of gender but increases childhood weight gain especially by male children. The results might be valuable to explore the mechanism of fetal programming.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Gender differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood growth trajectories: multilevel analysis

et al. 2010

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“…8 -10 Mechanisms for the programmed gender differences are reviewed elsewhere. 140 These large cohorts also underscore the U-shaped relationship between risk for CKD and birth weight, indicating increased risk with both LBW and HBW. 8,16,115…”

Section: Measures Of Renal Functionmentioning

confidence: 80%

The Clinical Importance of Nephron Mass

Luyckx

Brenner²

2010

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

275

243

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“…Two distinct mechanisms are possibly involved in this paradox: (1) pregnancy weight gain is positively associated with offspring weight or BMI and in turn positively associated with offspring SBP; and (2) pregnancy weight gain is negatively associated with offspring SBP directly or through other pathways, such as disturbing the normal development of fetal organs related to blood pressure control. [32][33][34][35] Both maternal chronic hypertension and preeclampsia-eclampsia were significantly associated with high childhood SBP. Our new findings suggested that neither intrauterine nor childhood growth could explain these associations.…”

Section: E718mentioning

confidence: 98%

Prenatal Factors for Childhood Blood Pressure: Mediated by Intrauterine and/or Childhood Growth

2011

PEDIATRICS

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Inconsistent evidence reveals that some prenatal factors are associated with high blood pressure in later life. The biological mechanisms of these associations are unknown, which is a critical barrier for causal interpretation as well as safe and effective intervention. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Maternal heavy smoking during pregnancy, prepregnancy overweight-obesity, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia-eclampsia are associated with higher offspring systolic blood pressure, which is independent of intrauterine growth restriction. Childhood BMI or weight trajectory may mediate the associations of heavy maternal smoking and prepregnancy BMI with systolic blood pressure. abstract OBJECTIVE: Some prenatal factors may program an offspring's blood pressure, but existing evidence is inconclusive and mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the mediating roles of intrauterine and childhood growth in the associations between childhood systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 5 potentially modifiable prenatal factors: maternal smoking during pregnancy; prepregnancy BMI; pregnancy weight gain; chronic hypertension; and preeclampsia-eclampsia. METHODS:The sample contained 30 461 mother-child pairs in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Prenatal data were extracted from obstetric forms, and children's SBP was measured at 7 years of age. Potential mediation by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and childhood growth was examined by the causal step method. RESULTS: Heavy maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with higher offspring SBP (adjusted mean difference versus nonsmoking: 0.73 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-1.14]), which attenuated to null (0.13 [95% CI: Ϫ0.27-0.54]) after adjustment for changes in BMI from birth to 7 years of age. Prepregnancy overweight-obesity was significantly associated with higher offspring SBP (versus normal weight: 0.89 mm Hg [95% CI: 0.52-1.26]), which also attenuated to null (Ϫ0.04 mm Hg [95% CI: Ϫ0.40 -0.31]) after adjustment for childhood BMI trajectory. Adjustment for BMI trajectory augmented the association between maternal pregnancy weight gain and offspring SBP. Adjustment for childhood weight trajectory similarly changed these associations. However, all these associations were independent of IUGR. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood BMI and weight trajectory, but not IUGR, may largely mediate the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and prepregnancy BMI with an offspring's SBP.

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Sex differences in the fetal programming of hypertension

Abstract: Background-Numerous clinical and experimental studies support the hypothesis that the intrauterine environment is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

Cited by 170 publications

References 85 publications

Gender differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood growth trajectories: multilevel analysis

Gender differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood growth trajectories: multilevel analysis

The Clinical Importance of Nephron Mass

Prenatal Factors for Childhood Blood Pressure: Mediated by Intrauterine and/or Childhood Growth

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