Sex differences in the long-term neuropsychological outcome of mild traumatic brain injury

Abstract

Although past research has found that females develop more TBI-related neuropsychological deficits than males in the immediate post-injury period, the present study found that, overall, sex differences in the performance of patients with mild TBI on a variety of neuropsychological tests were insignificant. More investigation into the sex-by-age interaction effect appears warranted.

The Effects of Aging, Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Computerized Trail-Making Test Performance

“…However, as in previous studies of patients with predominantly mild TBI, the effect size of the C-TMT-B abnormalities was small [63], and no significant differences were seen in C-TMT-B versus C-TMT-A difference or ratio measures [42]. …”

A systematic review of age and gender factors in prolonged post-concussion symptoms after mild head injury

“…There is no agreed terminology regarding the ongoing experience of these symptoms. Terms such as 'persisting', 'chronic', 'long-term' and 'late' are inconsistently used to describe symptoms that last from 1 month to many years [7][8][9]. Previous papers have argued that the term 'permanent' could reasonably be applied to symptoms lasting 18 months and beyond, as this is broadly the period within which maximum neuronal healing occurs in severe head injuries [7,10].…”

Absence of Differences Between Male and Female Adolescents With Prior Sport Concussion

“…18 In samples that contain both adolescents and adults, there are several studies suggesting that females report higher levels of symptoms 19,20 or have more neurocognitive problems [21][22][23][24] than males in the acute and subacute periods following a concussion. In adult-only samples, sex differences beyond the acute/subacute period following a concussion are not generally supported 25,26 but there is a suggestion that multiple prior concussions may result in worse visual memory in females compared with males. 22 There is limited literature available on whether prior concussions result in differential effects on male and female adolescents.…”