Sex differences in the regulation of cocaine and amphetamine‐regulated transcript expression in hypothalamic nuclei of rats by forced swim stress

Gozen, Oguz; Balkan, Bedih; Yararbaş, Görkem; Koylu, Ersin O.; Kuhar, Michael J.; Pöğün, Şakire

doi:10.1002/syn.20395

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Further, chronic (20-day) cold stress in rats increased CART mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus, again suggesting a role for CART peptides in energy expenditure and thermogenesis 134 . exposing male rats to forced swimming also increased CART peptide levels in the PvN 135 . In addition, acute and chronic restraint stress increased CART mRNA levels in the hippocampus and amygdala 136 and, conversely, adrenalectomy reduced CART levels in the hippocampal dentate gyrus — an effect that was reversed by corticosterone replacement.…”

Section: The Cart System and Stressmentioning

confidence: 84%

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

et al. 2008

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Over the past decade or so, CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptides have emerged as major neurotransmitters and hormones. CART peptides are widely distributed in the CNS and are involved in regulating many processes, including food intake and the maintenance of body weight, reward and endocrine functions. Recent studies have produced a wealth of information about the location, regulation, processing and functions of CART peptides, but additional studies aimed at elucidating the physiological effects of the peptides and at characterizing the CART receptor(s) are needed to take advantage of possible therapeutic applications.

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Section: The Cart System and Stressmentioning

confidence: 84%

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

et al. 2008

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“…In rats, a sexually dimorphic modulation of CART expression was observed in the PVN and ARC nuclei with the forced swim test (Gozen et al 2007). Another study in rats showed that E administration reduced the elevated CART expression due to reoccurring insulin hypoglycemia.…”

Section: Effects Of E and P Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

et al. 2008

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CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) is a neuropeptide involved in the control of several physiological processes, such as response to psychostimulants, food intake, depressive diseases and neuroprotection. It is robustly expressed in the brain, mainly in regions that control emotional and stress responses and it is regulated by estrogen in the hypothalamus. There is a distinct population of CART neurons located in the vicinity of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain that also colocalize urocortin-1. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the distribution of CART immunoreactive neurons in the monkey midbrain, 2) to examine the effects of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on midbrain CART mRNA and peptide expression and 3) to determine whether midbrain CART neurons contain steroid receptors. Adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were spayed and either treated with placebo (OVX), estrogen alone (E), progesterone alone (P) or E + P. Animals were prepared (a) for RNA extraction followed by microarray analysis and quantitative (q) RT-PCR (n=3/group); (b) for immunohistochemical analysis of CART and CART +tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), CART+estrogen receptors (ER) or CART+progesterone receptors (n=5/group) and (c) for western blots (n=3/group). Both E− and E+P-administration decreased CART gene expression on the microarray and with qRT-PCR. Stereological analysis of CART immunostaining at five levels of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus indicated little effect of E or E + P administration on the area of CART immunostaining. However, P administration increased CARTimmunopositive area in comparison to the OVX control group with Student's t-test, but not with ANOVA. CART 55-102 detection on western blot was unchanged by hormone administration. ERβand PR were detected in CART neurons and CART fibers appeared to innervate TPH-positive serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe. In summary, E decreased CART mRNA, but this effect did not translate to the protein level. Moreover, P administration alone had a variable effect on CART mRNA, but it caused an increase in CART immunostaining. Together, the data suggest that CART neurons in the midbrain have a unique steroid response, which may be mediated by nuclear receptors, neuroactive steroids or interneurons.

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“…This may at first seem surprising, but only subtle gender differences in CART levels emerge in eutherian brains even under particularly stressful forced swim experiences [Balkan et al, 2006;Gozen et al, 2007].…”

Section: Functional Significance Of Cart Distribution In Marsupialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of CART (Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript) Peptide in Mature and Developing Marsupial Brain

Ashwell

Mai²

2010

Brain Behav Evol

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CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) is a neuromodulator involved in feeding, drug reward, stress and cardiovascular function. We have immunohistochemically studied the distribution of the CART peptide in the brains of two adult marsupial species: the brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii) as a representative of polyprotodont marsupials and the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) as a representative of diprotodont marsupials. We have also examined the distribution of CART during postnatal development in the tammar wallaby. There were similarities and differences both between the two marsupial species and between the marsupials and eutherians in CART distribution. Both marsupials showed immunoreactivity to CART in the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, extended amygdala, the supraoptic, paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, somatosensory and auditory nuclei of the brainstem, vagal/solitary complex, raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus and presumptive presympathetic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla, as has been seen in eutherians. On the other hand, immunoreactivity to CART was weak in or absent from isocortical areas, and immunoreactivity to CART was poor or minimal in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens of both species; regions where immunoreactivity to CART is very strong in the brains of eutherians. During development, CART was present at birth (P0) in the lateral trigeminal ganglion, spinal trigeminal tract and the vagal sensorimotor complex, but did not appear in mid- or forebrain regions until much later (from P37). These anatomical findings indicate that although CART is likely to serve very similar functions in both eutherians and marsupials, there are potentially functionally significant differences between the two mammalian groups.

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Sex differences in the regulation of cocaine and amphetamine‐regulated transcript expression in hypothalamic nuclei of rats by forced swim stress

Cited by 33 publications

References 69 publications

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

Distribution of CART (Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript) Peptide in Mature and Developing Marsupial Brain

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