Sex linkage of CpGV resistance in a heterogeneous field strain of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.)

Asser-Kaiser, S.; Heckel, David G.; Jehle, Johannes A.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.10.005

Cited by 23 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…First, with regard to inheritance and susceptibility to CpGV-M and CpGV-S, populations 1 to 4 (BW-FN, BW-HI, BW-HA, and HE-WI) showed similar patterns of resistance, as previously reported for CpRR1. Most resistant CM field populations in Europe were expected to follow the CpRR1 type of resistance, since resistance in these populations is sex-linked and dominant and can be broken by CpGV isolates lacking the 24-bp insertion in pe38 (4,14,19,26). Only two families, K1f and R27f, deviated from this model, since zero mortality was observed in CpGV-M infections after 7 days, which is not in accordance with Z-linked inheritance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The sex of each pupa that emerged from diapausing larvae from different field populations or from individuals of the susceptible laboratory strain CpS was determined according to their numbers of abdominal segments; if hatching had already happened, sex was determined by examination of the genital area of the adult moth (13,19). Individual adults of CM field populations were crossed with individuals of CpS in single-pair crosses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For CpRR1, systemic resistance in all instars was observed, and an early block in virus replication was found to be inherited in an incompletely dominant monogenic mode linked to the Z chromosome (13,19,20). It was further found that CpGV resistance had developed only against the commercially used CpGV-M (genome group A), whereas other CpGVs from genome groups B to E were able to break resistance (4,14,21,22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was expected that CpGV resistance in other regions in Europe would follow a mode similar to that of CpRR1, because (i) a Z-chromosomal dominant inheritance was determined for several widely separated CM populations in Germany, France, and the Czech Republic (13,19,25,26); and (ii) the resistant CM populations in Europe were susceptible to resistance-breaking CpGV isolates, several of which have been registered and used as new CpGV products in Europe (10,21,22,(27)(28)(29)(30).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thus, an individual might be homozygous resistant or susceptible or heterozygous; Table 1 shows the different possible parental and F 1 genotypic combinations for a dominant trait. For CpGV resistance following the mode of inheritance as described for CpRR1, it is expected that individuals carrying at least one resistance allele would survive the discriminating concentration on CpGV-M but not on the resistance-breaking CpGV-S (4,13,19). This assumption was confirmed in reciprocal CpRR1 ϫ CpS crosses ( Table 2, lines 0.1 and 0.2); in seven CpRR1 female (CpRR1&) ϫ CpS male (CpS() crosses, the mortality rates on CpGV-M and CpGV-S were 62.1% (expected, 50%) and 97.1% (expected, Ͼ95%), respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths

Jehle

Schulze-Bopp

Undorf-Spahn

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is an important biocontrol agent for the codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated apple production worldwide. Previously, Z chromosome-linked dominant resistance in at least 38 CM field populations in Europe was reported, threatening organic apple production. Growers responded by switching to a different resistance-breaking isolate of CpGV that could control these populations. Here, we report a nonuniform response of different CM field populations to CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups A to E. Even more strikingly, one field population, NRW-WE, was resistant to all known CpGV genome groups except group B. Single-pair crossing experiments with a susceptible strain, followed by resistance testing of the F 1 offspring, clearly indicated cross-resistance to CpGV isolates that had been considered to be resistance breaking. This finding provides clear evidence of a second, broader type of CpGV resistance with a novel mode of inheritance that cannot be fully explained by Z-linkage of resistance.IMPORTANCE CpGV is registered and used in virtually all commercial apple growing areas worldwide and is therefore the most widely used baculovirus biocontrol agent. Recently, resistance to CpGV products was reported in different countries in Europe, threatening organic growers who rely almost exclusively on CpGV products. This resistance appeared to be targeted against a 24-bp repeat in the pe38 gene in isolate CpGV-M of genome group A, which had been used commercially for many years. On the other hand, resistance could be broken by CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups B to E. Here, we report clear evidence of a second type of field resistance that is also directed against resistance-breaking isolates of CpGV genome groups C, D, and E and which appears not to be targeted against CpGV pe38. Therefore, we propose to differentiate between type I resistance, which is targeted against pe38 of CpGV genome group A, and a novel type II resistance with an unknown molecular target. This finding stresses the need for further adoption of resistance management strategies for CpGV, since growers cannot rely solely on the use of resistance-breaking CpGV isolates.KEYWORDS baculovirus, biological control, Cydia pomonella, host resistance C ydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) (family Baculoviridae) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that is highly virulent to the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella L., one of the most destructive insect pests in apple, pear, and walnut orchards. Since CpGV is harmless to nontarget animals and has no detrimental impact on the environment (1, 2), commercial CpGV products became a cornerstone of efficient, highly selective, and environmentally friendly control of CM in integrated and organic pome fruit production (3). Today, CpGV products are registered as biocontrol agents in at least 34 countries worldwide (4).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%