Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the codling moth: effect of dispenser type, field aging of dispenser, pheromone dose and type of trap on male captures

Abstract

The effects of dispenser type, dispenser aging in the field, pheromone dose in the dispenser and trap type on trapping efficiency of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), males were investigated in Israel. An Israeli-manufactured rubber septum was significantly better than the CM Pherocon cap in attracting males to a Pherocon 1C cap trap or an IPS trap. The effect of aging of the dispenser in the field on trapping efficiency was significant in CM Pherocon caps and the Israeli septa. Captures in traps were negatively correlated with aging of septa. The effect of aging of dispensers was more marked during summer than during spring. The fairly rapid loss of attractancy indicates that the lures should be replaced after 2 weeks at the most. The release rate of the pheromone from the dispensers was measured in a flow system. The emission from the Israeli septa and Pherocon caps decreased sharply after 2 weeks and then was almost constant, which explains the lower attractancy of aged septa. However, there was a marked difference in the release profiles of the pheromone from the two types of dispensers, which may explain the different performance of the two dispensers. Within the range of 0.1 to 100 #g pheromone per dispenser, male response increased positively with the pheromone dose. Pheromone loadings of 100 or 1000 #g per dispenser did not differ significantly in their attractiveness for males. A load of 5000 #g per dispenser was significantly less attractive to males than was 100 or 1000 #g per dispenser. The non-sticky IPS trap was significantly better in capturing codling moth males than was the sticky, commonly used Pherocon 1C trap, provided it was baited with the Israeli dispenser. The two traps were equally effective when baited with the CM Pherocon caps. The possibility of using the non-sticky, nonsaturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps for monitoring codling moth is of great importance.

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

“…& Schiff. as the septum age increased (2,14,17), whereas others found no relationship between septa age and moth capture (15).…”

“…Based on their calculations, they reported that a 1-mg lure should provide optimal attraction for codling moth for up to 4 weeks, whereas a 5-mg lure would remain effective for more than 4 months. Yet, Kehat et al (14) showed that both the release rate and the attractiveness of 1-mg lures declined rapidly after 2 weeks in the field. This apparent inconsistency was attributed to the effects of high summer temperatures.…”

Age and time related pheromone production in coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

“…14 In that experiment the higher incidence of mating was at sunlight. The highest amount of pheromone in the glands is coincident with the period of calling behavior as in other moths, [15][16][17][18] as well as the period of male response to pheromone [19][20][21] and is the time of the highest frequency of matings. However, the time of mating differs from that reported by Michereff 22 because, in the field, both synthetic pheromone and virgin females attracted males at 6 and 7 th hour of photophase, respectively, about 6 h after the time found in this experiment.…”

The optimal sex pheromone release rate for trapping the codling mothCydia pomonella(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the field

“…For example, dispensers made of same materials that have different sex pheromone release rates could Scientific RepoRts | 6:21081 | DOI: 10.1038/srep21081 be provided for the two generations. According to previous studies, the sex pheromone release rate of the rubber dispenser is proportional to the loading rate and is inversely proportional to the hang time 4,6 . Thus, for the overwinter generation, a rubber dispenser with a higher loading rate and low replacement frequency, which can provide a wider range of sex pheromone release rates, is suitable.…”