Sex role identity in young adults: Its parental antecedents and relation to ego development.

Costos, Daryl

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.602

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Selfesteem, traditionally attributed primarily to men, has also proved to be higher amongst Androgynous women, whether classified by the PAQ [62] or the BSRI; as was their level of Ego Development [63]. Men who demonstrated high levels of Ego Development [64] and Psychosocial Development [65] were also more likely to be categorised as Androgynous and engaged in less sex-typing. Reviewing the strong trend within much of this literature, Bursik (1995) [66] hypothesised that the expression of a non-traditional Gender Role necessitates a highly developed ego; subsequently confirming that men in the highest ego stages (the Autonomous and integrated) utilised significantly more PAQ Expressive traits and achieved higher BSRI Femininity scores.…”

Section: Androgyny and Self-actualisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More concerning is the differential patterns which seem to arise between men and women, with many studies attributing their results to one gender only (e.g., Costos, 1986) [64]. Kelly, Caudill, Hathorn and O'Brien (1977) [70] suggested this was due to the greater perceived utility of masculine skills, such as leadership ability.…”

Section: Androgyny and Self-actualisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Androgyny in the Mirror of Self-Actualisation and Spiritual Health

Ivtzan¹,

R²

2009

TOPSYJ

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This study evaluates issues concerning the potential relationship between androgyny (incorporating both male and female features) and Self-Actualisation (fulfilment of one's fullest potential) while evaluating their role in feminine and non-feminine occupations. 119 participants (half employed in Traditionally-Feminine occupations and the other half in Non-Feminine jobs) answered the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Those deemed to possess an Androgynous Gender Role, by the BSRI, were found to be significantly more Self-Actualised across almost the entire range (ten out of twelve) of the POI scales, than those of Non-Androgynous Gender Identities. Thus, the long argued and conflicting assertion for the Self-Actualising benefits of an Androgynous Gender Identity are supported by the current study. No differences were found between the prevalence of Androgyny or achievement of Self-Actualisation between the Experimental (those employed in typically-female fields) and Control (those engaged in traditional-gender or gender-non-specific work) occupation groups; although significant lower numbers of Masculine Men in the Experimental group do verify that Gender Roles continue to be an influential occupational factor.

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Section: Androgyny and Self-actualisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Androgyny and Self-actualisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgyny in the Mirror of Self-Actualisation and Spiritual Health

Ivtzan¹,

R²

2009

TOPSYJ

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“…In her reliability analyses, Costos (1986) found that the Agency scale, consisting of 19 items, had an alpha coefficient of .84; the Communion scale, also consisting of 19 items, had an alpha coefficient of .87. Thus, satisfactory internal consistency has been demonstrated for these two scales.…”

Section: Frequencies Of Husbands and Wives At Each Point Of Intimacy ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intimacy maturity and its correlates in young married couples.

White¹,

Speisman²,

Jackson³

et al. 1986

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Intimate relationships, like the individuals who participate in them, are conceived of as following developmental processes. Five dimensions of intimacy--that is, relationship orientation, caring-concern, commitment, sexuality, and communication--are identified, and an approach to assessing relationship maturity on each of these dimensions is described. In a study of 31 young married couples, scores on each dimension of intimacy maturity were analyzed in relation to gender, gender role (as assessed through an adaptation of the Bem Sex Role Inventory; Bem, 1974), and marital adjustment. There were no significant differences between husbands and wives on any of the intimacy or marital adjustment scales and only a marginal difference on one gender role scale (agency). Patterns of correlations among intimacy, marital adjustment, and gender role scores varied by gender. Not only do there appear to be two marriages (his and hers) in every marriage, but the correlates of these marriages also vary.

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“…However, in addition to testing this model, I investigated sex roles as potential moderating variables in the relation between defenses and gender in adolescence. I included two different conceptualizations of sex role identity (Bem, 1974; Costos, 1986), classical psychoanalytic theory (Deutsch, 1944; S. Freud, 1933), and contemporary relational theories of women's development (Chodorow, 1978; Gilligan, 1982; Miller, 1976, 1984; Surrey, 1985) to investigate the validity of two competing views of gender differences in character and their implications for defense use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in ego defenses in adolescence: Sex roles as one way to understand the differences.

Levit¹

1991

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Gender differences in ego defenses were hypothesized in adolescence, with greater internalization by girls and greater externalization by boys. Through the inclusion of sex role constructs (masculinity and feminity, agency and communion, and passivity-dependency), relational models as well as psychoanalytic theory were investigated as bases for sex differences. The Berm Sex Role Inventory and the Defense Mechanism Inventory were administered to 66 high school students (31 boys and 25 girls), ages 14-19. As expected, boys scored higher on projection and aggression-outward defenses and girls scored higher on turning against the self, but girls failed to exceed boys on reversal. Multiple regression supported sex roles as moderating variables in gender differences in defenses. Alternative reconceptualizations of sex roles supported aspects of both psychoanalytic and relational models as explanation of gender differences in defenses.

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Sex role identity in young adults: Its parental antecedents and relation to ego development.

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Androgyny in the Mirror of Self-Actualisation and Spiritual Health

Androgyny in the Mirror of Self-Actualisation and Spiritual Health

Intimacy maturity and its correlates in young married couples.

Gender differences in ego defenses in adolescence: Sex roles as one way to understand the differences.

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