Sex‐specific Difference in the Interconversion of Cortisol and Cortisone in Men and Women

Vierhapper, H.; Heinze, Georg; Nowotny, Peter

doi:10.1038/oby.2007.592

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For example, recent research has shown sex differences in the activity of 11 b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (Vierhapper et al 2007), an enzyme that reactivates glucocorticoids and modulates tissue exposure to glucocorticoid activity (Holmes and Seckl 2006). Therefore, cortisol concentration may not be the only factor determining the effects of HPAaxis reactivity on memory performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The impact of cortisol reactivity to acute stress on memory: Sex differences in middle-aged people

Almela¹,

Hidalgo²,

Villada³

et al. 2010

Stress

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Stress has been identified as a main factor involved in the cognitive changes that occur during the aging process. This study investigated sex differences in the relationship between the magnitude of the acute stress-induced salivary cortisol response and memory performance among middle-aged people. To this end, 16 men and 16 women (aged 54-72 years) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test and a control condition in a crossover design. Afterwards their memory performance was measured using a standardized memory test (Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test). Only among women, there was an acute impact of stress on memory performance and a significant relationship between a higher cortisol response to the stressor and poorer memory performance in both the stress and control conditions. Additionally, a poorer memory performance was related to earlier timing of sexual maturation (age at menarche), which was also marginally related to higher cortisol reactivity to stress. These results confirm that sex is a critical factor in the relationship between cortisol and poor memory performance. Furthermore, the findings emphasize a strong link between the individual cortisol response to stress and memory functioning among postmenopausal women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The impact of cortisol reactivity to acute stress on memory: Sex differences in middle-aged people

Almela¹,

Hidalgo²,

Villada³

et al. 2010

Stress

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“…However, these ratios only reflect net balance between the activities of multiple enzymes and do not quantify rates of turnover between cortisol and cortisone. Others have administered labeled substrates for 11β-dehydrogenase, including 11α-[ 3 H]-cortisol (35), d4-cortisol (2), 11α-[ 2 H]-cortisol (36), and d2-cortisol (37), but the removal of these compounds is not exclusively dependent on 11β-dehydrogenase and R a of 11β-dehydrogenase product (labeled cortisone or liberated [ 3 H]) cannot be quantified accurately in steady state in the absence of simultaneous measurement of clearance of the product. Here, we used the gold standard approach, in which endogenous cortisone production is inferred from dilution of a “tracer” labeled cortisone, infused in steady state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Between Cortisol and Cortisone in Human Splanchnic, Subcutaneous Adipose, and Skeletal Muscle Tissues In Vivo

Hughes

Manolopoulos²,

Iqbal³

et al. 2012

Diabetes

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11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is a therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome because it catalyses reductase regeneration of cortisol from cortisone in adipose and liver. 11βHSD1 can also catalyze the reverse dehydrogenase reaction in vitro (e.g., if cofactor is limited). We used stable isotope tracers to test the hypothesis that both 11βHSD1-reductase and -dehydrogenase activities occur in human metabolic tissues in vivo. 1,2-[2H]2-Cortisone (d2-cortisone) was validated as a tracer for 11β-dehydrogenase activity and its inhibition by licorice. d2-Cortisone and 9,11,12,12-[2H]4-cortisol (d4-cortisol) (to measure 11β-reductase activity) were coinfused and venous samples obtained from skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose (n = 6), and liver (n = 4). Steroids were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and arteriovenous differences adjusted for blood flow. Data are means ± SEM. 11β-Reductase and -dehydrogenase activities were detected in muscle (cortisol release 19.7 ± 4.1 pmol/100 mL/min, d3-cortisol 5.9 ± 1.8 pmol/100 mL/min, and cortisone 15.2 ± 5.8 pmol/100 mL/min) and splanchnic (cortisol 64.0 ± 11.4 nmol/min, d3-cortisol 12.9 ± 2.1 nmol/min, and cortisone 19.5 ± 2.8 nmol/min) circulations. In adipose, dehydrogenase was more readily detected than reductase (cortisone release 38.7 ± 5.8 pmol/100 g/min). Active recycling between cortisol and cortisone in metabolic tissues in vivo may facilitate dynamic control of intracellular cortisol but makes consequences of dysregulation of 11βHSD1 transcription in obesity and diabetes unpredictable. Disappointing efficacy of 11βHSD1 inhibitors in phase II studies could be explained by lack of selectivity for 11β-reductase.

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“…Postnatal life. During the postnatal period, there are few mechanisms to protect the offspring from excessive glucocorticoid exposure and HPA axis overactivation during the hyporesponsive period, which is a stage of resilience to mild stressors (42,74). This is a key event in the origin of long-term hypersensitivity to secondary stressors.…”

Section: R4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific effects of stress on metabolic and cardiovascular disease: are women at higher risk?

Murphy

Loria

2017

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has traditionally been viewed as a male disease; however, the relative risk for obesity and hypertension morbidity and mortality, major risk factors for CVD, is higher for women in the United States. Emerging epidemiological data strongly support stressful experiences as a modifiable risk factor for obesity, insulin resistance, and heart disease in women at all ages. Therefore, primary prevention of these diseases may be associated with both identifying and increasing the knowledge regarding the sex differences in emotional functioning associated with physiological responses to stress. The purpose of this review is to highlight the growing body of clinical and experimental studies showing that stress, obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, and CVD comorbidities are more prevalent in females. Overall, this review reveals the need for investigations to decipher the early origins of these comorbidities. Targeting the sources of behavioral/emotional stress through the trajectory of life has the potential to reduce the alarming projected rates for chronic disease in women.

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Sex‐specific Difference in the Interconversion of Cortisol and Cortisone in Men and Women

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

The impact of cortisol reactivity to acute stress on memory: Sex differences in middle-aged people

The impact of cortisol reactivity to acute stress on memory: Sex differences in middle-aged people

Recycling Between Cortisol and Cortisone in Human Splanchnic, Subcutaneous Adipose, and Skeletal Muscle Tissues In Vivo

Sex-specific effects of stress on metabolic and cardiovascular disease: are women at higher risk?

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