Sex-specific metabolic alterations in the type 1 diabetic brain of mice revealed by an integrated method of metabolomics and mixed-model

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals spatial metabolic heterogeneity in different intestinal segments of type 1 diabetic mice

“…[26][27][28] Of note, diabetes usually leads to metabolic alterations in a region-specific manner. For example, our previous results reveal that region-specific metabolic disorders were present in the brain of both T1D 17,20,29 and T2D 15 mice and might be associated with diabetes-related cognitive decline. Region-specific metabolic changes were detected in the diabetic kidneys 30 and brain 31 using mass spectrometry imaging.…”

Multivariate analysis of NMR‐based metabolomic data

“… is the number of samples, while and indicate the numbers of fixed and random effects, respectively. LMMs are commonly used to account for dependences between samples, which for example occur in longitudinal studies where each subject is measured repeatedly 22,23 …”

The Protective Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Intestine of db/db Mice: A 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Investigation

“…Topspin software was used to automatically integrate the peak area and carefully check to eliminate overlapping peaks, and the quantitative results of metabolites were obtained. Metabolite concentrations were quantified according to the peak area relative to the TSP concentration …”

“…Metabolite concentrations were quantified according to the peak area relative to the TSP concentration. 19 The "icoshift" procedure was performed to align NMR spectra in MATLAB (R2012a, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA). 20 The spectral region from 0.6 to 9.0 ppm excluding the residual water signals (4.6 to 5.5 ppm) for the small intestine, colon, and cecum extracts were subdivided and integrated to packing data with a size of 0.01 ppm for further multivariate analysis.…”