Sex-Specific Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Its Components

Abstract

To what extent is the metabolic syndrome (MetS) determined beyond its recognized components? In 1702, middle-aged men and women without MetS at baseline, MetS development was identified in 546 participants at a mean of 10.1-year follow-up. Participants subsequently developing MetS had, beyond higher values of MetS traits, significantly higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein (CRP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Females were significantly more frequent never smokers and males had lower values of total testosterone. In logistic regression analyses, adjusted for sex, age, and smoking status, MetS was predicted disparately in the sexes, whereas males exhibited, beyond abdominal obesity, CRP, GGT, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) as independent predictors, abdominal obesity was not an independent predictor in females in whom other than age, CRP conferred MetS risk, whereas SHBG was and current smoking tended to be protective. A surrogate of hepatic steatosis proved a major mediator of abdominal obesity in determining incident MetS (relative risk, 5.6 [95% confidence interval, 3.4-9.3]) in each sex. We confirm that GGT and SHBG are novel independent MetS determinants. Hepatic steatosis is the major predictor of MetS mediating adiposity in each sex. Abdominal obesity is not an independent determinant in Turkish women in whom autoimmune activation seems to prevail before MetS development.

Relationship between Inflammatory Parameters and Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Factors in the Mugello Study Oldest Old

“…The relationship between aging and GGT that we observed in the Mugello cohort has been previously described in both genders of younger age, whereas males presented higher GGT levels than females [37,38]. Interestingly, GGT is emerging as a new strong and independent MetS determinant in middle age subjects [39,40]. However, our data did not support the association between GGT and MetS, thus GGT could not be an effective marker to identify this condition in nonagenarians.…”

The effect of metabolic syndrome on recurrence in patients who had undergone surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome

“…In the hands in which recurrence developed, the VAS (7 [6][7][8][9] Analysis of factors that affected the recurrence of CTS revealed that the development of recurrence increased proportionally with the period of surgery, and this relationship was statistically significant (p<0.001). However, the occupation subgroup and the use of the dominant hand did not affect significantly the development of recurrence (Table III).…”

“…[6,10] The combination of mechanical trauma and ischemic damage is thought to cause CTS. Diabetes mellitus, HT and hyperlipidemia, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are related to ischemic damage.…”

“…[5] Carpal tunnel syndrome surgery is the most frequent treatment modality for moderate or severe CTS. [6] The rates of recurrence after CTS surgery vary from 3 to 20%. [2] Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a disorder that combines insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, DM, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension (HT).…”

“…The mean scores for the SSS and FSS were calculated separately. [6] In the current study, for illiterate patients, the questions were asked by the neurologist who performed the evaluation. Pain severity was assessed with a VAS for which the patients were asked to indicate the level of pain experienced on a 10 cm horizontal line.…”