2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06632.x
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Sex steroids, immune system, and parasitic infections: facts and hypotheses

Abstract: It has been widely reported that the incidence and the severity of natural parasitic infections are different between males and females of several species, including humans. This sexual dimorphism involves a distinct exposure of males and females to various parasite infective stages, differential effects of sex steroids on immune cells, and direct effects of these steroids on parasites, among others. Typically, for a large number of parasitic diseases, the prevalence and intensity is higher in males than femal… Show more

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Cited by 38 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…Sex differences in parasitic infections are a biological phenomenon of considerable significance for individual health and disease. The general rule is that females are more resistant to infectious diseases than males [1,2]. However, there are many notable exceptions to this rule and illustrate a female bias in susceptibility to infection [3].…”
Section: Hormones and Parasitesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Sex differences in parasitic infections are a biological phenomenon of considerable significance for individual health and disease. The general rule is that females are more resistant to infectious diseases than males [1,2]. However, there are many notable exceptions to this rule and illustrate a female bias in susceptibility to infection [3].…”
Section: Hormones and Parasitesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, there are many notable exceptions to this rule and illustrate a female bias in susceptibility to infection [3]. This paradigm implies that the sexual dimorphism in response to parasites is mediated primarily by the immune system of the host, which disregards the ability of some parasites to directly respond to the distinct sex steroid hormone profiles of their female and male hosts [2,4]. Sex hormones play an influential role in the control of parasitic infection by modulating different components of both the innate and adaptive immune responses.…”
Section: Hormones and Parasitesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Como resultado, frequentemente observamos a inibição do comportamento reprodutivo, assim como a diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos de andrógenos em resposta a diferentes estressores em machos (Paolucci et al, 1990;Moore et al, 1991;Sapolsky et al, 2000;Jones e Bell, 2004;Deviche et al, 2010;Narayan et al, 2012;Assis, 2015). Os andrógenos, por sua vez, além de exercerem um importante papel na reprodução, também apresentam ações imunomoduladoras (Nava-Castro et al, 2012). As células imunes, uma vez que apresentam receptores para andrógenos, podem ser moduladas diretamente pelos andrógenos (Nava-Castro et al, 2012).…”
Section: Relações Entre Estresse Resposta Imune E Andrógenosunclassified
“…Os andrógenos, por sua vez, além de exercerem um importante papel na reprodução, também apresentam ações imunomoduladoras (Nava-Castro et al, 2012). As células imunes, uma vez que apresentam receptores para andrógenos, podem ser moduladas diretamente pelos andrógenos (Nava-Castro et al, 2012). É importante ressaltar que ações indiretas dos andrógenos também podem ser observadas, uma vez que a testosterona (T -principal andrógeno nos machos) pode competir pelas globulinas de ligação de GCs, alterando a fração livre destes hormônios (Bradley et al, 1980;McDonald et al, 1981;Bradley, 1987McEwen et al, 1997.…”
Section: Relações Entre Estresse Resposta Imune E Andrógenosunclassified
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