Sexing the Human Pre-Embryo by Dna-Dna in-Situ Hybridisation

J, West; Angell, Roslyn; Thatcher, SamuelS.; Gosden, J. R.; Hastie, N.D.; Glasier, A; Dt, Baird

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90650-7

Cited by 47 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Since it was first introduced in clinical diagnosis, different protocols have been established to test the maximum number of chromosomes in a single interphase nucleus, these ranging from testing only chromosome Y (6) to the test of 13 chromosomes (4). In addition, at the same time, different strategies such as the use of scoring criteria (7), improvement of fixation technique (8), or the development of more specific and efficient probes, have been established to diminish the error rate of the technique.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased efficiency of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for infertility using “no result rescue”

Colls

Escudero

Cekleniak³

et al. 2007

Fertility and Sterility

121

107

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased efficiency of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for infertility using “no result rescue”

Colls

Escudero

Cekleniak³

et al. 2007

Fertility and Sterility

121

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…As late as 1985, it was ‘generally agreed that there were no single-cell diagnostic techniques available, and that the biopsied cell(s) would have to be cultured to obtain sufficient cells for the diagnosis’ (Harper, 2009, p. 3). In addition, it was considered ‘unlikely’ that diagnosis and transfer could be achieved within the same menstrual cycle and that clinical PGD would thus ‘depend on the successful application of embryo cryopreservation’ (West et al, 1987). Successful freezing with subsequent thawing, transfer and clinical pregnancy was described for animals by Whittingham et al (1972) and for humans by Trounson and Mohr (1983).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The politics of human embryo research and the motivation to achieve PGD

Theodosiou¹,

Johnson²

2011

Reproductive BioMedicine Online

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This article reports a historical study of factors influencing the achievement of clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in 1990, 22 years after its first demonstration in animals. During the 1970s, research on PGD continued in large farm animals, but serious interest in human PGD was not evident until 1986. First, interest in PGD during the 1970s waned with the advent of prenatal testing, which for gynaecologists was clinically more familiar, technically simpler and ethically less challenging than IVF. Indeed, IVF was viewed with widespread suspicion until the first IVF births in 1978. Second, interest in clinical PGD was stimulated by the UK Parliamentary reaction against human embryo research that greeted the Warnock Report in 1984. This hostility led scientists to initiate a pro-research campaign, further galvanized in 1985 by MP Enoch Powell’s bid to ban such research. However, while Powell abhorred embryo research, he approved of PGD, a stance that divided the anti-research lobby. Accordingly, the campaigners for research emphasized that it was needed to achieve PGD. Powell demanded evidence of such projects and PGD research increased from 1986. It is concluded that UK political debates on embryo research played a critical role in stimulating the achievement of clinical PGD.Human pregnancies following preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for embryo sex were announced in 1990, 22 years after the technique was pioneered in animals. PGD in humans required not only technological advances, such as IVF and sensitive diagnostic tests, but also the motivation to develop and apply them. Our historical analysis shows that, although research on PGD continued in large farm animals during the 1970s, and techniques of the required sensitivity were developed on mouse embryo models, interest in clinical PGD was not evident until 1986. Two factors stimulated this sudden change in motivation. First, interest in PGD was depressed during the 1970s by the advent of prenatal diagnostic techniques, which for gynaecologists were clinically, technically and ethically less challenging than IVF. IVF was then regarded with a suspicion that only started to wane in the early 1980s following the first IVF births. Second, the UK Parliamentary reaction against human embryo research that greeted the Warnock Report in 1984 provided a positive stimulus to clinical PGD by prompting scientists to form a pro-research lobby, which was further galvanized in early 1985 by MP Enoch Powell’s almost-successful bid to ban human embryo research. We show that while Powell abhorred embryo research, he approved of PGD, a stance that fractured the unity of the anti-research lobby. Accordingly, the pro-research lobby emphasized that embryo research was needed to achieve PGD. Powell demanded evidence of such projects, thereby, we argue, stimulating PGD research from 1986. Our evidence shows that UK political debates about PGD played a critical role in stimulating the achievement of PGD clinically.

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“…DYZ 1 (pHY2.1) (3) probe supplied in a biotinylated form (Oncor) recognizes a 2.1 kb DNA sequence that is repeated 2000 times on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Though DYZ 1 probe recognizes an additional 100 copies of a related 2.0 kb sequence located elsewhere in the genome (3), signals hybridized with DYZ 1 probe on the non-Y sites are much weaker than those on the Y-chromosome (16).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%