Sexual coercion reported by men and women in prison

Struckman‐Johnson, Cindy; Struckman‐Johnson, David; Rucker, Lila; Bumby, Kurt M.; Donaldson, Stephen

doi:10.1080/00224499609551816

Cited by 192 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…If the target is able to resist or repel his assailants during these initial confrontations, the target establishes that he is a "man" and may be left unmolested in the future (Dumond, 1992;Knowles, 1999;Mariner, 2001;Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, perpetrators use some combination of subterfuge, intimidation, implicit and explicit threats, and in some cases violence to force the target into a sexually submissive role (Brook, 2004;Chonco, 1989;Knowles, 1999;Mariner, 2001). If the target is able to resist or repel his assailants during these initial confrontations, the target establishes that he is a "man" and may be left unmolested in the future (Dumond, 1992;Knowles, 1999;Mariner, 2001;Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996).If the target cannot repel his assailants and they succeed in raping him, the victim is said to have been be "turned out" (Knowles, 1999;Mariner, 2001;Robertson, 2003). In prison terms, he has become a "punk" and likely will be targeted for repeated assault, both by the initial perpetrators and by others (Anderson, 2001;Castle, Hensley, & Tewksbury, 2002;Mariner, 2001;Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996;Wooden & Parker, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

2007

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Nearly 1.4 million men are incarcerated in federal and state prisons in the United States. These men are disproportionately affected by HIV in comparison with the at-large male population. The elevated prevalence of HIV infection in U.S. prisons has raised concerns over the potential for intraprison HIV transmission due to rape and other forms of sexual victimization. However, the number of men who acquire HIV after being raped in U.S. prisons is not known. We developed a mathematical model of HIV transmission to estimate the likelihood that an incarcerated man would become infected as a result of prison rape and to provide preliminary estimates of the number of prison rape victims who acquire HIV. Our results suggest that between 43 and 93 currently incarcerated men already have or will acquire HIV as a result of being raped in prison. Keywords prison rape; HIV; mathematical modelMore than 2 million U.S. adults were incarcerated in federal and state prisons and local jails at the end of 2003 (Harrison & Beck, 2004). Federal and state prisons alone house nearly 1.5 million inmates, the majority (93%) of whom are men (Harrison & Beck, 2004).A disproportionate number of U.S. prison inmates are infected with HIV-the virus that causes AIDS-in comparison with the at-large population. Approximately 1.9% of men and 2.8% of women incarcerated in state and federal prisons are known to have HIV (Maruschak, 2004); the true prevalence of infection is likely to be higher. The elevated prevalence of HIV infection in U.S. prisons has raised concerns over the potential for intraprison HIV transmission due to rape and other forms of sexual victimization (Dumond, 1992;Krebs, 2002;Mair, Frattaroli, & Teret, 2003;Mariner, 2001;Robertson, 2003; Stop Prisoner Rape, 2005).Although estimates of the frequency of prison rape vary widely, prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assaults occur with alarming regularity. A recent meta-analysis of published studies of prison sexual assault indicated that approximately 1.9% of all inmates are raped or otherwise seriously assaulted while in prison (Gaes & Goldberg, 2004). Notably, prison rape incidents often involve multiple perpetrators (Banbury, 2004;Mariner, 2001; Struckman-Johnson, StruckmanJohnson, Rucker, Bumby, & Donaldson, 1996) and sometimes cause serious injury to the victim, including trauma to rectal and vaginal tissue (Dumond & Dumond, 2002), both of which increase HIV risk (Schoub, 1999). Moreover, unlike sexual assault in the general community, a person who is raped in prison may be unable to remove him-or herself from the vicinity of the perpetrator or perpetrators and thus may be raped repeatedly while incarcerated (Banbury, 2004;Dumond, 2003;Mariner, 2001;Struckman-Johnson et al., 1996). Context of Prison RapeMost of the available evidence regarding the experiences of men who are raped in prison is anecdotal, informal, or otherwise drawn from first-person accounts (e.g., Anderson, 2001;Brook, 2004;Chonco, 1989;Mariner, 2001). These accounts suggest that many initial rape attempt...

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

2007

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“…As one obvious example, parity in cell matching could occur where those inmates likely of being victimized are not housed with an inmate likely of becoming a sexual aggressor (Man & Cronan, 2001). A survey asking inmates and prison staff to suggest ways to prevent assault found that the most frequently mentioned solution was to segregate the vulnerable inmates from sexual predators (Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996).…”

Section: Prison Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following An overarching risk factor is perceived vulnerability (Dumond, 2003). Characteristics that increase the probability of being victimized include young age (Chonco, 1989;Man & Cronan, 2001;Tewksbury, 1989;Wolff et al, 2007), small stature (Man & Cronan, 2001;Tewksbury, 1989), feminine characteristics (Chonco, 1989;Man & Cronan, 2001), belonging to the middle or upper class (Man & Cronan, 2001), having a homo-or bi-sexual orientation (Hensley et al, 2005;Hensley, Tewksbury, & Castle, 2003;Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996), higher level of education (Wolff et al, 2007), prior sexual victimization (Sparks, 1981;Wolff et al, 2007), being perceived as weak or fearful (Chonco, 1989), being an immigrant (National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, 2009), being in prison for the first time (Chonco, 1989;Man & Cronan, 2001), having committed a non-violent offense (Man & Cronan, 2001), and having committed a sexual offense (Man & Cronan, 2001;Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996).…”

Section: Factors That Increase the Likelihood Of Victimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One in ten is a more realistic figure based on the series reported by StruckmanJohnson and colleagues, and this figure may increase in settings with gang prevalence and racial tensions. Too, prevalence rates do not account for multiple victimizations, occurring in perhaps as many as two-thirds of rape victims (Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson, Rucker, Bumby, & Donaldson, 1996), which, as described later in this paper, make the problem and its negative impact far greater.…”

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