Sexual Dimorphism and Facial Growth Beyond Dental Maturity in Great Apes and Gibbons

Balolia, Katharine L.; Soligo, Christophe; Lockwood, Charles A.

doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9666-z

Cited by 25 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Thus, in both taxa approximately one-quarter to one-third of dentally mature individuals are unlikely to have achieved their full adult size. For example, facial growth has been shown to continue past dental maturity at different sex-specific rates in great apes and other primates; thus, depending on the criteria used to define adulthood, this will affect estimates of mean adult facial size and sexual dimorphism (Wang et al, 2007;Balolia et al, 2013). For some studies the difference between dental and skeletal maturity may not be a concern, whereas for others it might represent a significant source of error due to additional variation in the traits under consideration.…”

Section: Fully Fused (F) Complete Fusion Of the Sutures Of The Neuromentioning

confidence: 99%

Great ape skeletal collections: Making the most of scarce and irreplaceable resources in the digital age

Gordon

Marcus

Wood

2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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Information about primate genomes has re-emphasized the importance of the great apes (Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo) as, for most purposes, the appropriate comparators when generating hypotheses about the most recent common ancestor of the hominins and panins, or the most recent common ancestor of the hominin clade. Great ape skeletal collections are thus an important and irreplaceable resource for researchers conducting these types of comparative analyses, yet the integrity of these collections is threatened by unnecessary use and their availability is threatened by financial pressures on the institutions in which the collections reside. We discuss the general history of great ape skeletal collections, and in order to get a better sense of the utility and potential of these important sources of data we assemble the equivalent of a biography of the Powell-Cotton Collection. We explore the history of how this collection of chimpanzee and gorilla skeletons was accumulated, how it came to be recognized as a potentially important source of comparative information, who has made use of it, and what types of data have been collected. We present a protocol for collecting information about each individual animal (e.g., which bones are preserved, their condition, etc.) and have made that information about the Powell-Cotton Collection freely available in an online relational database (Human Origins Database, www.humanoriginsdatabase.org). As an illustration of the practical application of these data, we developed a tabular summary of ontogenetic information about each individual (see Appendices A and B). Collections like the PowellCotton are irreplaceable sources of material regarding the hard-tissue evidence and recent history of the closest living relatives of modern humans. We end this contribution by suggesting ways that curators and the researchers who use and rely on these reference collections could work together to help preserve and protect them so that future generations can use and benefit from these priceless resources. Am J Phys Anthropol 57:2-32,

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Section: Fully Fused (F) Complete Fusion Of the Sutures Of The Neuromentioning

confidence: 99%

Great ape skeletal collections: Making the most of scarce and irreplaceable resources in the digital age

Gordon

Marcus

Wood

2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…; Williams & Slice, ; Balolia et al. ) and (2) sexual dimorphism in both cranial size and shape is extremely large in baboons (e.g. Leigh & Cheverud, ; O'Higgins & Collard, ; Singleton, ), we could expect to identify different patterns of age‐related variation in adult male baboon crania than those we have observed in females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Furthermore, Balolia et al. () demonstrate continued growth of the CFS in young adults of multiple species of non‐human primates, which they interpret to be an extension of ontogenetic trajectories into adulthood. However, without a complementary ontogenetic sample in which to measure growth vectors to determine whether the shape changes prior to achieving sexual maturity parallel those following it, we cannot definitively determine whether the patterns we have observed are the result of ontogeny extending into ‘adulthood’.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Balolia et al. ; Minh et al. ), so it is difficult to determine what effects dietary shifts and the reorganization of the hominin cranium may have had on any general mammalian patterns of post‐maturational craniofacial aging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, Balolia et al. () show that hominoid facial dimensions increase in size after the attainment of sexual maturity in male and female orangutans and gorillas, female gibbons, and likely female chimpanzees, although they lacked the power to conclude definitively that the trend is visible in Pan as well. In all cases, because the increases were more pronounced between younger adult age categories, the authors conclude that ontogenetic trajectories extend past the age of adolescence and that this may be a feature of female growth and development with deep evolutionary roots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons

Joganic

Heuzé

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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Primate craniofacial growth is traditionally assumed to cease upon maturation or at least be negligible, whereas bony remodeling is typically associated with advanced adult age and, in particular, tooth loss. Therefore, size and shape of the craniofacial skeleton of young and middle‐aged adults should be stable. However, research on both modern and historic human samples suggests that portions of the CFS exhibit age‐related changes in mature individuals, both related to and independent of tooth loss. These results demonstrate that the age‐category ‘adult’ is heterogeneous, containing individuals demonstrating post‐maturational age‐related variation, but the topic remains understudied outside of humans and in the cranial vault and base. Our research quantifies variation in a sample of captive adult female baboons (n = 97) in an effort to understand how advancing age alters the mature CFS. Craniometric landmarks and sliding semilandmarks were collected from computed tomography (CT) scans of adult baboons aged 7–32 years old. To determine whether craniofacial morphology is sensitive to aging mechanisms and whether any such effects are differentially distributed throughout the cranium, geometric morphometric techniques were employed to compare the shapes of various cranial regions among individuals of increasing age. Unexpectedly, the biggest form differences were observed between young and middle‐aged adults, rather than between adults with full dentitions and those with some degree of tooth loss. Shape variation was greatest in masticatory and nuchal musculature attachment areas. Our results indicate that the craniofacial skeleton changes form during adulthood in baboons, raising interesting questions about the molecular and biological mechanisms governing these changes.

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Mandibular shape variation in mainland and insular hylobatids

Pitirri

Vermeulen

Komza

et al. 2020

American J Primatol

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Although hylobatids are the most speciose of the living apes, their morphological interspecies and intraspecies variation remains poorly understood. Here, we assess mandibular shape variation in two species of Hylobates, white‐handed (Hylobates lar) and black‐handed (Hylobates agilis) gibbons. Using 71 three‐dimensional landmarks to quantify mandibular shape, interspecies and intraspecies variation and geographic patterns of mandibular shape are examined in a mixed sex sample of adult H. lar and H. agilis through generalized Procrustes analysis, Procrustes analysis of variance, and principal components analysis. We find that relative to H. agilis, H. lar exhibits a higher amount of variation in mandibular shape. Both species demonstrate similar allometric patterns in mandibular shape. We also highlight a geographic pattern in mandibular shape variation. Compared to mainland hylobatids, insular hylobatids have relatively lower, more posteriorly oriented, and anteroposteriorly wider mandibular condyles, with an increased distance between the condyles and the coronoid processes. This geographic pattern could reflect differences in functional demands on the mandible during mastication and/or could be driven by factors often associated with evolutionary pressures of island populations relative to mainland populations. The findings of this study highlight how little is known about Hylobates morphological variation and how important this is for using Hylobates to help interpret the primate fossil record. Understanding interspecific and intraspecific variation in extant primates is vital to interpreting variation in the primate fossil record.

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Sexual Dimorphism and Facial Growth Beyond Dental Maturity in Great Apes and Gibbons

Cited by 25 publications

References 83 publications

Great ape skeletal collections: Making the most of scarce and irreplaceable resources in the digital age

Great ape skeletal collections: Making the most of scarce and irreplaceable resources in the digital age

Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons

Mandibular shape variation in mainland and insular hylobatids

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