Sexual Dimorphism and Sex-2D : 4D Interactions on Fasting Lipid Variables in an Adult Ghanaian Population

Abstract

Prenatal hormone exposure has been suggested as a correlate of adult circulating estrogen and testosterone. If this observation is true, then prenatal hormone exposure may have an association with lipid homeostasis in adulthood. The study sought to investigate sexual dimorphism and the interactions between the putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure (2D : 4D) and sex on adult fasting plasma lipid variables. The study was cross-sectional from June to December 2021 at the University for Development Studies. The participants were between 18 and 30 years of age and consisted of 206 healthy persons ( female = 93 , male = 113 ). The right hand (2D : 4DR), the left hand (2D : 4DL), and the right-left 2D : 4D difference (Dr-l) were measured using computer-assisted analysis. Fasting venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid variables including total cholesterol (TCHOL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). There were no significant differences in the 2D : 4D ratio and lipid variables between males and females. However, after adjusting for age and BMI, the 2D : 4DR ( P = 0.014 ) and the 2D : 4DL ( P = 0.007 ) increased with increasing fasting plasma HDL-C on average. Moreover, there were significant interactions between sex and the 2D : 4DR ( P = 0.002 ) and also, the 2D : 4DL ( P = 0.005 ) on fasting plasma HDL-C. The relationship between HDL-C and the 2D : 4D ratio was positive in females but negative in males. The 2D : 4DR accounted for about 54.9% and 46.0% while the 2D : 4DL accounted for about 48.2% and 14.0% of the variabilities in fasting plasma HDL-C in females and males, respectively. Prenatal hormone exposure may partly account for the sexual dimorphism in adult lipid homeostasis.

Sex‐moderated relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and circulating hormones in an adult Ghanaian population

“…The study involved 62 participants (Female = 28; Male = 34), aged from 20 to 26 years. The participants were part of a larger study from which a part has been published (Banyeh et al, 2022 ). The participants were drawn from a normative population without a known history of fractures or conditions that could markedly affect digit lengths and standing height measurements.…”

Are sex differences in blood cell count and hemoglobin moderated by the 2D:4D ratio? A cross‐sectional study in a Ghanaian population

“…The participants were part of a larger study from which some papers have already been published . 22 , 23 , 24 The participants had no known history of fractures that could markedly affect standing height and finger length measurements. They did not also have any known hormonal or hematological abnormalities or chronic diseases.…”

Does sex interact with the 2D:4D ratio or adult circulating hormones on the estimated glomerular filtration rate? A cross‐sectional study in Ghana

“…The study participants were 206 (Female = 93, Male = 113) and were aged between 18 and 30 years. The study participants were part of a larger study from which a paper has already been published (Banyeh et al, 2022). All the participants had no known history of fractures that could markedly affect finger length and height measurement.…”