“…vulgare) has been known for a long time, first described by Darwin (1877). Subsequently, many traits of gynodioecy in this taxon have been studied, such as sex inheritance (Lewis and Crowe 1956, Jain 1968, Kheyr-Pour 1969, perianth size of perfect and pistillate flowers (Vereshchagina and Malanina 1974, Anisimova and Demyanova 2007, Godin and Evdokimova 2017a, and sex ratios in populations (Ietswaart et al 1984, Trosenko 1994, Demyanova 2012, Godin and Evdokimova 2017b, Gordeeva and Komarevceva 2019. However, for the other five subspecies of O. vulgare, as well as for previously independent species, there are no data on gynodioecy.…”