Sexuality and interactions of monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia of Ganoderma boninense

About Ganoderma boninense in oil palm plantations of Sumatra and peninsular Malaysia: Ancient population expansion, extensive gene flow and large scale dispersion ability

“…Since then, much effort has been devoted to studying the oil palm's defense mechanisms against G. boninense infection and to developing BSR resistant or tolerant varieties (Idris et al 2004;Durand-Gasselin et al 2005;Tee et al 2013;Ho & Tan 2014). While some studies have attempted to improve understanding of the biology and diversity of G. boninense by describing its morphology in detail (How & Nawawi 1985), characterizing its modes of sexual reproduction (Pilotti et al 2002) and quantifying its genetic diversity with molecular markers (Miller et al 1999) or mating type systems studies (Pilotti et al 2003), its genetic diversity and population structure across oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia are still poorly understood.…”

Genetic diversity of polysporic isolates of Moniliophthora perniciosa (Tricholomataceae)

“…In the first, a linkage occurs between mycelium, joining the 2 colonies with uniform characteristics. In the second, an intensity gradient develops at the intersectional region, in which the region of lower intensity is characterized by small lines near the contact zone (May, 1988;MacCabe et al, 1999;Pilotti et al, 2002;Hamidson and Naito, 2004). Conversely, regions of strong intensity are characterized by more compact lines of mycelium.…”

Infection potential of vegetative incompatible Ganoderma boninense isolates with known ligninolytic enzyme production

“…Vegetative incompatibility test among the G. boninense isolates was carried out as described by Pilotti et al (2002). G. boninense isolates g1, a1, c3, d4, e2 and h2 were paired among each other, together with the GBLS isolate.…”

“…This relationship is related to the life cycle of these fungi and is often described as the ability between two isolates of single fungal species to exist concurrently without conflict. Pilotti et al (2002) discovered that G. boninense is heterothallic with multiple alleles at both mating type loci and possess bifactorial incompatibility (tetrapolar) that favours out-crossing within a population. Hence, somatic incompatibility that allows sexual recombination to promote out-breeding amongst individuals is common in G. boninense.…”

“…Vegetative incompatibility systems in Ganoderma are allelic in nature; they mainly act to limit the transfer of nuclear and cytoplasmic components when fusion (anastomosis) of two incompatible fungal hyphae takes place. Antagonistic interaction between somatically incompatible dikaryon isolates can be distinguished by the occurrence of thin line or pigmented clear zone where the mycelium of two cultures meet (Qi et al, 2003), and this solid demarcation line is called the "barrage" by Pilotti et al (2002). According to Burgess et al (2009), vegetative compatibility in fungi reveals the phenotypic differences among individual isolates from similar species.…”