“…In aerodynamic shape optimization methods based on FFD have been applied to the design of rotor blades, 14, 15 wings, 13,16,9,17,18,19 Blended-Wing-Body 20 and supersonic 13, 21, 22 aircraft design. The capability to deform volumes also makes FFD a suitable candidate for grid deformation 23,17,24 and for aerostructural applications.…”