Shark centra microanatomy and mineral density variation studied with laboratory microComputed Tomography

Morse, Paul; Stock, Michala K.; James, Kelsey C.; Natanson, Lisa J.; Stock, Stuart R.

doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107831

Cited by 12 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The differences in contrast between cone and wedge material seen in lab microCT (Fig. 3) and reported elsewhere for three carcharhiniform sharks, 7 therefore, are due to different volume fractions of porosity.…”

Section: Synchrotron Microctsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Even in this first study, the spatial variation of bioapatite texture and its relationship to anatomical structures was uncovered. Given the similarities of centra across Order Carcharhiniformes, 7 the authors predict that the lateral orientation of c axis texture in the cones and axial c axis texture in the wedges will be present throughout this order, something that will be proved or disproved in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure and energy dispersive diffraction reconstruction of 3D patterns of crystallographic texture in a shark centrum

Stock¹,

Morse

Stock

et al. 2022

J. Med. Imag.

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Purpose: Tomography using diffracted x-rays produces reconstructions mapping quantities such as crystal lattice parameter(s), crystallite size, and crystallographic texture, information quite different from that obtained with absorption or phase contrast. Diffraction tomography is used to map an entire blue shark centrum with its double cone structure (corpora calcerea) and intermedialia (four wedges).Approach: Energy dispersive diffraction (EDD) and polychromatic synchrotron x-radiation at 6-BM-B, the Advanced Photon Source, were used. Different, properly oriented Bragg planes diffract different x-ray energies; these intensities are measured by one of ten energy-sensitive detectors. A pencil beam defines the irradiated volume, and a collimator before each energysensitive detector selects which portion of the irradiated column is sampled at any one time. Translating the specimen along X; Y, and Z axes produces a 3D map. Results:We report 3D maps of the integrated intensity of several bioapatite reflections from the mineralized cartilage centrum of a blue shark. The c axis reflection's integrated intensities and those of a reflection with no c axis component reveal that the cone wall's bioapatite is oriented with its c axes lateral, i.e., perpendicular to the backbone's axis, and that the wedges' bioapatite is oriented with its c axes axial. Absorption microcomputed tomography (laboratory and synchrotron) and x-ray excited x-ray fluorescence maps provide higher resolution views. Conclusion:The bioapatite in the cone walls and wedges is oriented to resist lateral and axial deflections, respectively. Mineralized tissue samples can be mapped in 3D with EDD tomography and subsequently studied by destructive methods.

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Section: Synchrotron Microctsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and energy dispersive diffraction reconstruction of 3D patterns of crystallographic texture in a shark centrum

Stock¹,

Morse

Stock

et al. 2022

J. Med. Imag.

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“…( b , c ) Laboratory microCT-derived three-dimensional rendering of lamniform and of carcharhiniform shark vertebral centra, respectively, derived from data in Morse et al . [4]. These are from a shortfin mako and a sandbar shark, respectively, and the internal structures are similar to but not identical to those in the blocks examined in the present study.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The D -period arcs for two blocks (4 and Tg2d) rotate azimuthally with position (electronic supplementary material, video S2 and S5) by 30–35° over approximately 2.9 mm translation and less than 10°, respectively. Spatial gradients in texture between intermedialia and cone is not unexpected and is consistent with curvature of intermedialia growth bands [4,22,34]. Additional scattering studies designed to map texture on the 50–100 µm scale would be very informative, for example, reconstructing virtual slices through similar-sized centrum blocks using WAXS/SAXS tomography [35,36] or mapping carefully selected thin sections [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Despite recent additions to the literature on the mineralized cartilage of shark centra, e.g. [2,4,5,7,8,11,12,22,34], this tissue remains much less investigated than bone or tessellated tissue. Although shark tesserae are the closest mineralized tissue to those of centra tissue, tesserae contain just under 10 vol% soft tissue/porosity [41] whereas centra cones contain approximately 60 vol% and centra intermedialia approximately 75 vol% soft tissue/porosity [11], suggesting that it would be inaccurate to extrapolate centra tissue materials properties from tesserae data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioapatite in shark centra studied by wide-angle and by small-angle X-ray scattering

Park

Almer

James

et al. 2022

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Members of subclass Elasmobranchii possess cartilage skeletons; the centra of many species are mineralized with a bioapatite, but virtually nothing is known about the mineral's organization. This study employed high-energy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS, i.e. X-ray diffraction) to investigate the bioapatite crystallography within blocks cut from centra of four species (two carcharhiniform families, one lamniform family and 1-ID of the Advanced Photon Source). All species' crystallographic quantities closely matched and indicated a bioapatite closely related to that in bone. The centra's lattice parameters a and c were somewhat smaller and somewhat larger, respectively, than in bone. Nanocrystallite sizes (WAXS peak widths) in shark centra were larger than typical of bone, and little microstrain was observed. Compared with bone, shark centra exhibited SAXS D -period peaks with larger D magnitudes, and D -period arcs with narrower azimuthal widths. The shark mineral phase, therefore, is closely related to that in bone but does possess real differences which probably affect mechanical property and which are worth further study.

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A New Residual Strain Mapping Program Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source

et al. 2022

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Shark centra microanatomy and mineral density variation studied with laboratory microComputed Tomography

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Microstructure and energy dispersive diffraction reconstruction of 3D patterns of crystallographic texture in a shark centrum

Microstructure and energy dispersive diffraction reconstruction of 3D patterns of crystallographic texture in a shark centrum

Bioapatite in shark centra studied by wide-angle and by small-angle X-ray scattering

A New Residual Strain Mapping Program Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source

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