“…He acknowledges, however, that even a passive investor must trade twice, once to get into the position and once to get out, and these trades can provide an opportunity for active investors to gain from passive investors by providing liquidity (Sharpe (1991, footnote 4)). Second, Pedersen (2018) further points out that the “market” itself changes over time because new companies and shares are added, old shares are repurchased, and companies sometimes delist. Hence, passive investors also need to trade to track the market.…”