Shear force imaging of soft samples in liquid using a diving bell concept

Koopman, M.; Bakker, B.I. de; García-Parajo, María F.; Hulst, Niek F. van

doi:10.1063/1.1634385

Cited by 60 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The rapid decrease in Q with submersion depth ͑D͒ means that even a small height of water will cause significant deterioration in probe Q. This has implications to liquid cell 19 and probe designs aimed at minimizing the immersion depth to Յ100 m or attempting to eliminate the damping effects by creating a diving bell 19,30 to surround the probe except over the last tens of microns.…”

Section: Probe Damping In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Damping behavior of bent fiber NSOM probes in water

Taylor

Vobornik

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Physics

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The damping behavior of bent fiber near-field scanning optical microscopy ͑NSOM͒ probes operating in tapping mode oscillation is investigated in air and water. We show that the significant drop in probe quality factor Q, which occurs at the air-water interface, is due to meniscus damping. As the probe is immersed in water viscous damping adds to the meniscus damping. Damping effects which lead to a progressive drop in the peak tapping mode resonance frequency are accounted for by additional torsional modes of probe vibration. Understanding the damping processes should lead to the design of high sensitivity NSOM probes for scanning soft biological samples under liquid.

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Section: Probe Damping In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Damping behavior of bent fiber NSOM probes in water

Taylor

Vobornik

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Although important biological information can be extracted from NSOM on dry biological samples, these results are always subject to potential drying artifacts (35). We have recently shown that the performance of NSOM can be extended to measurements in liquid environments using a diving bell concept (34), and showed for the first time single molecule detection sensitivity with 90 nm spatial resolution on wet cells (32). To demonstrate the general applicability of NSOM for cell membrane studies in liquid conditions, we have extended our investigation of the organization of DC-SIGN to wet dendritic cells.…”

Section: High-resolution Nsom Imaging In Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probe is kept in the near-field region of the sample (<10 nm) by means of a shear-force feedback based on a piezoelectric element, providing simultaneously a topographic map of the sample surface while scanning (23,24,26). Recently, we have developed a reliable and easy-to-use system, with perfect analogy to a diving bell, to allow NSOM operation under liquid conditions (34). A small glass tube, carefully glued into an aluminum holder, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (Nsom)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-Field Fluorescence Microscopy: An Optical Nanotool to Study Protein Organization at the Cell Membrane

García‐Parajó

Bakker

Koopman

et al. 2005

NBT

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The ability to study the structure and function of cell membranes and membrane components is fundamental to understanding cellular processes. This requires the use of methods capable of resolving structures with nanometer-scale resolution in intact or living cells. Although fluorescence microscopy has proven to be an extremely versatile tool in cell biology, its diffraction-limited resolution prevents the investigation of membrane compartmentalization at the nanometer scale. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is a relatively unexplored technique that combines both enhanced spatial resolution of probing microscopes and simultaneous measurement of topographic and optical signals. Because of the very small nearfield excitation volume, background fluorescence from the cytoplasm is effectively reduced, enabling the visualization of nano-scale domains on the cell membrane with single molecule detection sensitivity at physiologically relevant packing densities. In this article we discuss technological aspects concerning the implementation of NSOM for cell membrane studies and illustrate its unique advantages in terms of spatial resolution, background suppression, sensitivity, and surface specificity for the study of protein clustering at the cell membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrate reliable operation under physiological conditions, without compromising resolution or sensitivity, opening the road toward truly live cell imaging with unprecedented detail and accuracy.

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“…However, current applications of NSOM to biological samples are largely limited to isolated protein samples, model membranes, or chemically fixed biological cells. [2][3][4][5] The extension to viable, unfixed biological tissues has previously proven problematic.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These have largely involved either changing the feedback mechanism utilized to hold the tip close to the sample or modifying the probes themselves to lower the spring constant and thus the forces generated in force feedback. 2,5,9 For the latter, an obvious route of exploration is to incorporate a near-field light source onto conventional atomic force microscopy ͑AFM͒ cantilevers.9-11 AFM is widely used in biological applications on unfixed tissues under physiological conditions.Commercially available silicon nitride AFM cantilevers come in a variety of geometries that offer a range of cantilever spring constants and tip parameters. Using these tips, AFM techniques have been widely utilized for studies of sample surfaces, including living cells, while operating with the AFM tip either directly in contact with the sample surface or through a tapping, or intermittent, contact mode of force mapping.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hybrid near-field scanning optical microscopy tips for live cell measurements

Kapkiai

Moore-Nichols

Carnell

et al. 2004

Applied Physics Letters

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We report a near-field scanning optical microscopy ͑NSOM͒ probe that enables high-resolution imaging of living cells under physiological buffered conditions. The hybrid design combines a conventional fiber optic near-field probe with a standard atomic force microscopy cantilever. Imaging of fluorescent latex spheres suspended in an acetate matrix demonstrates the subdiffraction limited fluorescence and topography capabilities of the tips. The reduced spring constant of the hybrid tip is also shown to be amenable to measurements on living cells. Near-field scanning optical microscopy ͑NSOM͒ is a scanning probe technique that utilizes specially fabricated probes to deliver light down to the nanometric dimension.1,2 NSOM provides opportunities to simultaneously measure both optical and topographic features of samples with subdiffraction limited spatial resolution. These capabilities have been utilized to probe thin films, solid-state devices, and due to the unique electromagnetic fields emerging from the nearfield aperture, single molecule orientations.2 The potential impact of NSOM is arguably the greatest in the biological sciences, where there is a well-developed history of using fluorescence probes to tag specific proteins or structures. This field seems particularly well suited to take advantage of the single molecule fluorescence sensitivity, high spatial resolution, and simultaneous force information that NSOM offers. However, current applications of NSOM to biological samples are largely limited to isolated protein samples, model membranes, or chemically fixed biological cells. 2-5The extension to viable, unfixed biological tissues has previously proven problematic.The difficulty in conducting NSOM measurements on viable biological tissues arises from the forces generated in maintaining the NSOM tip close to the specimen. Highresolution NSOM measurements require that the tip be held within nanometers of the sample while scanning. This necessitates the implementation of a feedback system for sensing the sample surface and maintaining the tip-sample gap. [6][7][8] Traditionally, a force feedback approach is implemented in which the tip is either dithered laterally or vertically to the sample surface, depending on probe geometry. The dampening in the amplitude of the oscillating NSOM tip as the tip interacts with the sample surface is monitored and used to hold the tip-sample gap constant during scanning. While straightforward and highly successful for most applications, the large forces generated using conventional fiber optic NSOM probes often damage fragile biological samples such as living cells.A number of approaches have been reported in attempts to circumvent the large forces generated under normal NSOM feedback operation and thus open applications in the biological sciences. These have largely involved either changing the feedback mechanism utilized to hold the tip close to the sample or modifying the probes themselves to lower the spring constant and thus the forces generated in force feedback. 2,5,9 ...

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Shear force imaging of soft samples in liquid using a diving bell concept

Cited by 60 publications

References 10 publications

Damping behavior of bent fiber NSOM probes in water

Damping behavior of bent fiber NSOM probes in water

Near-Field Fluorescence Microscopy: An Optical Nanotool to Study Protein Organization at the Cell Membrane

Hybrid near-field scanning optical microscopy tips for live cell measurements

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