“…Changes in amplitude and/or phase of the oscillation are used as a feedback signal to control the probe-sample distance for shear force imaging. The detection of the changes is generally realised by attaching the probe to a mechanical oscillator, such as a tuning fork (Karrai & Grober, 1995;Schmidt et al, 2000), piezoelectric tube (Hsu et al, 1995;Lee et al, 1996) and bimorph (Shang et al, 2004;Shang et al, 2005;Lei et al, 2006), forming a shear force sensor. By contrast with the optical detection of cantilever deflection in SFM, remarkable advantage of such shear force sensors is their self-sensing principle of operation, which dispenses with the need for laser deflection or external excitation, and readily enables the integration of ShFM system into SEMs (Bercu et al, 2016) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (Etienne et al, 2016) .…”