Shedding of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 and H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in peridomestic wild birds in the U.S.

Bosco‐Lauth, Angela M.; Marlenee, Nicole L.; Hartwig, Airn E.; Bowen, Richard A.; Root, J. Jeffrey

doi:10.1111/tbed.13147

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In general, our results are in line with previous studies that have experimentally assessed IAV infection dynamics in starlings [18,29,[35][36][37][38][39] through experimental inoculations. In general, these studies show that starlings can become infected with IAVs and seroconvert but see [36], primarily shed via the oral cavity but see [29], and exhibit limited, if any, contact transmission [35,38]. While a variety of IAV subtypes have been tested (H2, H3, H4, H5, and H7,…”

Section: Plos Pathogenssupporting

confidence: 92%

Avian influenza A virus susceptibility, infection, transmission, and antibody kinetics in European starlings

et al. 2021

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Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose risks to public, agricultural, and wildlife health. Bridge hosts are spillover hosts that share habitat with both maintenance hosts (e.g., mallards) and target hosts (e.g., poultry). We conducted a comprehensive assessment of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), a common visitor to both urban and agricultural environments, to assess whether this species might act as a potential maintenance or bridge host for IAVs. First, we experimentally inoculated starlings with a wild bird IAV to investigate susceptibility and replication kinetics. Next, we evaluated whether IAV might spill over to starlings from sharing resources with a widespread IAV reservoir host. We accomplished this using a specially designed transmission cage to simulate natural environmental transmission by exposing starlings to water shared with IAV-infected mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). We then conducted a contact study to assess intraspecies transmission between starlings. In the initial experimental infection study, all inoculated starlings shed viral RNA and seroconverted. All starlings in the transmission study became infected and shed RNA at similar levels. All but one of these birds seroconverted, but detectable antibodies were relatively transient, falling to negative levels in a majority of birds by 59 days post contact. None of the contact starlings in the intraspecies transmission experiment became infected. In summary, we demonstrated that starlings may have the potential to act as IAV bridge hosts if they share water with IAV-infected waterfowl. However, starlings are unlikely to act as maintenance hosts due to limited, if any, intraspecies transmission. In addition, starlings have a relatively brief antibody response which should be considered when interpreting serology from field samples. Further study is needed to evaluate the potential for transmission from starlings to poultry, a possibility enhanced by starling’s behavioral trait of forming very large flocks which can descend on poultry facilities when natural resources are scarce.

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Section: Plos Pathogenssupporting

confidence: 92%

Avian influenza A virus susceptibility, infection, transmission, and antibody kinetics in European starlings

et al. 2021

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“…Reading recently published reports is another way to obtain valuable information towards the development of science‐based management strategies. Example topics that are relevant towards the consideration and development of mitigation strategies for HPAI in North American wildlife include the susceptibility of common wild and peridomestic bird species to infection and clinical disease when exposed to clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD HPAI viruses (Pantin‐Jackwood et al 2016, Spackman et al 2017, Kwon et al 2018, Bosco‐Lauth et al 2019, Shearn‐Bochsler et al 2019, Luczo et al 2020) and the persistence of infectious AI viruses in surface waters of North American wetlands (Keeler et al 2014, Ramey et al 2021). Other topics relevant to specific management areas include the current distribution, abundance, movement patterns, and interaction of susceptible wildlife species with domestic species in or near management areas, and understanding past outbreaks or susceptibility of infection in wildlife species that occur within a management area.…”

Section: Preparing For Future Outbreaks Of Hpai In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America

et al. 2022

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Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus, the long‐held and well‐supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks were restricted to poultry, the result of cross‐species transmission of precursor viruses from wild aquatic birds that subsequently gained pathogenicity in domestic birds. Therefore, management agencies typically adopted a prevention, control, and eradication strategy that included strict biosecurity for domestic bird production, isolation of infected and exposed flocks, and prompt depopulation. In most cases, this strategy has proved sufficient for eradicating HPAI. Since 2002, this paradigm has been challenged with many detections of viral descendants of the Gs/GD lineage among wild birds, most of which have been associated with sporadic mortality events. Since the emergence and evolution of the genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD lineage HPAI viruses in approximately 2010, there have been further increases in the occurrence of HPAI in wild birds and geographic spread through migratory bird movement. A prominent example is the introduction of clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD HPAI viruses from East Asia to North America via migratory birds in autumn 2014 that ultimately led to the largest outbreak of HPAI in the history of the United States. Given the apparent maintenance of Gs/GD lineage HPAI viruses in a global avian reservoir; bidirectional virus exchange between wild and domestic birds facilitating the continued adaptation of Gs/GD HPAI viruses in wild bird hosts; the current frequency of HPAI outbreaks in wild birds globally, and particularly in Eurasia where Gs/GD HPAI viruses may now be enzootic; and ongoing dispersal of AI viruses from East Asia to North America via migratory birds, HPAI now represents an emerging disease threat to North American wildlife. This recent paradigm shift implies that management of HPAI in domestic birds alone may no longer be sufficient to eradicate HPAI viruses from a given country or region. Rather, agencies managing wild birds and their habitats may consider the development or adoption of mitigation strategies to minimize introductions to poultry, to reduce negative impacts on wild bird populations, and to diminish adverse effects to stakeholders using wildlife resources. The main objective of this review is, therefore, to provide information that will assist wildlife managers in developing mitigation strategies or approaches for dealing with outbreaks of Gs/GD HPAI in wild birds in the form of preparedness, surveillance, research, communications, and targeted management actions. Resultant outbreak response plans and actions may represent meaningful steps of wildlife managers toward the use of collaborative and multi‐jurisdictional One Health approaches when it comes to the detection, investigation, and mitigation of emerging viruses at the human‐domestic animal‐wildlife interface.

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“…Similar to most studies of IAV in pigeons, a test of another recently-emerged virus, HP H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4, showed that most experimentally inoculated pigeons became infected, but with limited viral shedding across a brief period and no transmission to contact pigeons [ 65 ]. In another study using the HP H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus, no inoculated pigeons showed clinical signs or shed virus [ 66 ]. Another experimental inoculation with an HP clade 2.3.4.4 virus, but in this case an H5N6 virus, showed that several pigeons became infected and shed virus at moderately high levels; nonetheless, no contact chickens became infected [ 67 ].…”

Section: Pigeons Doves: Order Columbiformes Family Columbidaementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds

Shriner

Root

2020

Viruses

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Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known about IAV dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking IAVs to poultry operations. Specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. Synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, such as agricultural and urban areas. Aquatic birds such as waterfowl and shorebirds are the species most commonly associated with avian IAVs, and are generally considered the reservoir or maintenance hosts in the natural ecology of these viruses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are occasionally associated with poultry facilities, but are uncommon or absent in many areas, especially large commercial operations. In these cases, spillover hosts that share resources with both maintenance hosts and target hosts such as poultry may play an important role in introducing wild bird viruses onto farms. Consequently, our focus here is on what is known about IAV dynamics in synanthropic hosts that are commonly found on both farms and in nearby habitats, such as fields, lakes, wetlands, or riparian areas occupied by waterfowl or shorebirds.

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Shedding of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 and H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in peridomestic wild birds in the U.S.

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Avian influenza A virus susceptibility, infection, transmission, and antibody kinetics in European starlings

Avian influenza A virus susceptibility, infection, transmission, and antibody kinetics in European starlings

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America

A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds

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