Sheltering in buildings from large-scale outdoor releases

Chan, Wanyu R.; Price, Phillip N.; Gadgil, Ashok

doi:10.2172/835167

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The leaks were characterized using ACH 4Pa , which is the calculated Q for DP ¼ 4 Pa, commonly taken as a characteristic value for the pressure difference between a garage interior and exterior, normalized by the interior volume of the garage [13]. As discussed in [14], actual values of DP for typical weather conditions normally fall between 0.2 Pa and 2 Pa. Real-time hydrogen concentrations were monitored using Xensor Integration Model TCG-3880 thermal conductivity sensors. Individual sensors were calibrated prior to each test by recording their voltage outputs when placed in air and hydrogen and using a model for the sensor response along with recommended values of thermal conductivity as a function of hydrogen volume fraction [15] for hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures at 293.3 K. Additional details concerning the calibration approach are available in [10].…”

Section: Instrumentation and Video Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion and burning behavior of hydrogen released in a full-scale residential garage in the presence and absence of conventional automobiles

Pitts

Yang

Blais

et al. 2012

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Section: Instrumentation and Video Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion and burning behavior of hydrogen released in a full-scale residential garage in the presence and absence of conventional automobiles

Pitts

Yang

Blais

et al. 2012

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…[20] A table (their Table 1) included in a report by Chan et al suggests that 4 Pa is on the high side, and actual values typically range from 0.2 Pa to 2 Pa for "mild" to "severe" weather conditions. [21] Note that (ELA enc ) H does not normally correspond to the actual open area in a garage boundary since experimental flow rates typically obey the following relation [20] ,…”

Section: Overview Of Gas Exchange Rates In Partially Enclosed Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Helium Dispersion in an Attached Single-Car Residential Garage with and Without Vehicle

Pitts¹,

Yang²,

Fernández³

et al. 2012

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The dispersion and loss of helium inside a single-car residential garage attached to a single-family house was experimentally characterized by recording time-resolved helium concentrations at multiple locations in the garage and at a single location in the house during and following helium releases near the floor of the garage. Helium served as a surrogate for hydrogen for safety reasons, and helium release rates were adjusted to provide the same constant volume flow rate as that required to release 5 kg of hydrogen over a four hour period.Supporting measurements included compartment leakage, temperature, and atmospheric wind conditions. Helium was released upwards either as momentum-or buoyancydominated flows. Experiments were performed with the garage empty or with one of two conventional mid-sized automobiles parked over the release location. Six tests with the garage naturally ventilated and six tests employing forced ventilation with a fan are described. A variety of parameters were used to characterize the mixing behavior. Conclusions emphasized include: a) the role of Froude number on helium mixing behavior, b) the development of upper and lower helium concentration layers in the garage during a release, c) the measurable, but limited, effects of atmospheric wind on the results, d) the relatively efficient transfer of helium from the garage into the house during the releases, e) the ability of a vehicle to trap a high helium concentration in the engine compartment and, particularly, the undercarriage during a helium release and the relatively rapid drop in these levels to those of the surrounding garage at the end of the release, f) the relatively slow buildup of helium in the passenger compartment and trunk of a vehicle during a helium release and subsequent slow decay following cessation of the flow, g) the effectiveness of active ventilation in reducing helium concentrations in the garage to levels below those corresponding to flammable concentrations of hydrogen, and h) the trapping of helium/air mixtures corresponding to highly flammable hydrogen mixtures inside the vehicles even when active garage ventilation was employed.

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“…Consider, for example, California's Proposition 47 and Assembly Bill 109 which together precipitated the reclassification of several felonies (many of which were drug offenses) to misdemeanors and gave way to the historic 2011 Public Safety Realignment; an act of reform that saw the state's prison population decline by over 30,000 over a 4-year span (Lofstrom & Martin, 2015). Since its inception, other states (such as New Jersey) have followed suit and have embraced a mix of reforms—including policing, sentencing, and parole—to alleviate the swell of offenders housed in their respective facilities (Wagner, 2020). It is therefore plausible (and likely) that a similar pattern exists regarding the adoption of assessments whereby other states take cues from members of the “Big Six” and federal system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the use of PTSD Assessment Tools Within the U.S. Prison Setting: An Exploratory Analysis

2023

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The identification and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in carceral settings remain a fundamental concern for practitioners, policy-makers, and incarcerated persons (IPs) alike. In recent years, PTSD assessment tools designed for the general population have been adopted for use in prisons upon intake, sometimes side-by-side with other assessment tools. This study attempts to provide insight into how these tools are used for a majority of IPs within the United States. Based on results from six U.S. states and the federal prison system, we find that PTSD assessment would benefit from newer tools designed for the specific challenges in the prison environment.

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Sheltering in buildings from large-scale outdoor releases

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

Dispersion and burning behavior of hydrogen released in a full-scale residential garage in the presence and absence of conventional automobiles

Dispersion and burning behavior of hydrogen released in a full-scale residential garage in the presence and absence of conventional automobiles

Helium Dispersion in an Attached Single-Car Residential Garage with and Without Vehicle

Evaluating the use of PTSD Assessment Tools Within the U.S. Prison Setting: An Exploratory Analysis

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