Shifting Visual Attention in Stereographic Displays: A Time Course Analysis

Iavecchia, Helene P.; Folk, Charles L.

doi:10.1177/001872089403600404

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A prior study had shown that the spatial IOR effect is not depth-specific in 3-D space (Theeuwes & Pratt, 2003), a finding that is in agreement with the viewpoint that attention does not operate in depth, or is Bdepth-blind^ (Ghirardelli & Folk, 1996;Iavecchia & Folk, 1995). However, our results showed that spatial IOR was depth-specific when targets appeared in the near depth plane, whereas spatial IOR was not depthspecific when targets appeared in the far depth plane.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of different directions of attentional shift on inhibition of return in three-dimensional space

Wang

Liu

Chen

et al. 2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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When attention is oriented to a peripheral cue, the processing of nearby stimuli is facilitated. This brief period of facilitation is followed by a long-lasting inhibitory effect, during which there is a delayed response to stimuli presented at a previously cued location. Although the mechanisms underlying the facilitatory effect of attentional orienting/reorienting in threedimensional (3-D) space have been documented, there is not yet consensus as to how attention orients/reorients in depth during the later inhibitory phase (i.e., inhibition of return [IOR]). In the present study, by incorporating the Posner exogenous cueing paradigm into a virtual 3-D environment, we aimed to investigate whether an IOR effect occurs when attention orients and reorients at the uncued depth in the same hemispace, and whether the IOR effects are the same or different when attention orients/reorients along different trajectories in 3-D space. Our results showed asymmetrical spatial IOR effects when attention was oriented/ reoriented at the uncued depth in the same hemispace. Spatial IOR was depth-specific when targets appeared in the near depth plane, whereas it was not depth-specific when targets appeared in the far depth plane. Apart from these results, we also found that attention oriented/reoriented at the same depth but in a different hemispace experienced a reduction in IOR size, thus indicating that the direction-specific spatial IOR mechanisms when attention orients/reorients along different trajectories are different. Taken together, our results suggest that spatial IOR is not entirely Bdepth-blind,^and that the ecological importance of the 3-D world influences the direction of attentional shifts of spatial IOR in 3-D space. Studies of visuospatial attention in two-dimensional (2-D) space have shown that when attention is oriented to a peripheral cue, if the stimulus onset asynchrony between the cue and target is less than 300 ms, processing of a target appearing at a precued peripheral location is facilitated (as compared with the response to a target appearing at a novel location). A brief period of facilitation is followed by a long-lasting inhibitory effect in which there is a delayed response to stimuli presented at the previously cued location. This long-lasting inhibitory effect is called Binhibition of return^ (IOR;Posner & Cohen, 1984; see Klein, 2000).Studies of visuospatial attention have primarily focused on 2-D space (Corbetta, Kincade, Lewis, Snyder, & Sapir, 2005;Corbetta, Kincade, Ollinger, McAvoy, & Shulman, 2000;Corbetta, Patel, & Shulman, 2008;Corbetta & Shulman, 2002;Lupiáñez et al., 2004;Mayer, Seidenberg, Dorflinger, & Rao, 2004;Spence, Lloyd, McGlone, Nicholls, & Driver, 2000;Zhang, Zhou, & Zhang, 2012); however, though these 2-D spatial representations show us how attentional orienting responds to the directions of objects, they tell us little about how it is affected by objects' distances. Humans live in a

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of different directions of attentional shift on inhibition of return in three-dimensional space

Wang

Liu

Chen

et al. 2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…That is, in the absence of distractors that are similar in appearance to the targets and with easily distinguishable targets, narrowly focused attention is not necessary to perform the task, thereby precluding the need to reorient attention between cued and uncued locations in depth (Lavie, 1995;Lavie & Tsal, 1994). Thus, the results of our study provide a resolution to the paradox in the literature as to why some studies have yielded evidence for selective attention in depth (Andersen & Kramer, 1993;He & Nakayama, 1995;Hoffman & Mueller, 1994;Nakayama & Silverman, 1986) whereas others have not (Ghiradelli & Folk, 1996;lavecchia & Folk, 1995;Zimba & Tellinghuisen, 1990). Observers appear to selectively attend to locations in depth whenever they must search for a target among a multitude of distractors (He & Nakayama, 1995;Nakayama & Silverman, 1986), perform a focused attention task in the presence of surrounding distractors (Andersen, 1990;Andersen & Kramer, 1993), attend to objects defined with pre-masks (Hoffman & Mueller, 1994), and, as in the present case, reorient attention, in the presence of distractors, between cued and uncued locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Spatial cuing in a stereoscopic display: Evidence for a “depth-aware” attentional focus

Atchley

Kramer

Andersen

et al. 1997

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Two experiments were conducted to explore whether attentional selection occurs in depth, or whether attentional focus is "depth blind," as suggested by Ghiradelli and Folk (1996). In Experiment 1,observers viewed stereoscopic displays in which one offour spatial locations was cued. Two of the locations were at a near-depth location and two were at a far-depth location, and a single target was presented along with three distractors. The results indicated a larger cost in reaction time for switching attention in x,y and depth than in x,y alone, supporting a "depth-aware" attentional spotlight. In Experiment 2, no distractors were present, similar to the displays used by Ghiradelli and Folk. In this experiment, no effect for switching attention in depth was found, indicating that the selectivity of attention in depth depends on the perceptual load imposed on observers by the tasks and displays.The degree to which visual information is processed largely depends on the amount of attention allocated to that information. A number of metaphors have been used to describe the spatial allocation of visual attention. One of the earliest metaphors for attention was a spotlight (Broadbent,

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“…It is unclear from the existing perceptual psychology literature whether users of a two layer display will be able to attend to single layer or not. Some researchers argue that attention cannot be preferentially allocated to specific locations in depth [lavecchia & Folk 1994;Ghiradelli & Folk 1996;Theeuwes et al 1998]. Hence, common depth is neither a necessary nor sufficient basis for attentional deployment.…”

Section: Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

People and Computers XVIII — Design for Life

Fincher¹,

Markopoulos²,

Moore³

et al. 2005

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The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typeset by "WinderJ^Printed and bound at the Athenaeum Press Ltd., Gateshead, Tyne and Wear 34/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 11012429

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Shifting Visual Attention in Stereographic Displays: A Time Course Analysis

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of different directions of attentional shift on inhibition of return in three-dimensional space

Effect of different directions of attentional shift on inhibition of return in three-dimensional space

Spatial cuing in a stereoscopic display: Evidence for a “depth-aware” attentional focus

People and Computers XVIII — Design for Life

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