Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Smith, James L.; Fratamico, Pina M.; Gunther, Nereus W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800262-9.00003-2

Cited by 178 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…As a global regulator of E. coli O157:H7, QS plays a positive role in Stx2 production (15,16). In E. coli, there are mainly two types of QS systems, bacteriumbacterium communication through AI-2 synthesized by the LuxS protein and bacterium-host communication through AI-3 sensed by a two-component system QseBC (8). QseBC is activated by the LuxS/AI-2 system (61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Sheng

Rasco

Zhu

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx) production and further explored the underlying mechanisms. The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cinnamon oil against E. coli O157:H7 were 0.025% and 0.05% (vol/vol), respectively. Cinnamon oil significantly reduced Stx2 production and the stx 2 mRNA expression that is associated with diminished Vero cell cytotoxicity. Consistently, induction of the Stx-converting phage where the stx 2 gene is located, along with the total number of phages, decreased proportionally to cinnamon oil concentration. In line with decreased Stx2 phage induction, cinnamon oil at 0.75؋ and 1.0؋ MIC eliminated RecA, a key mediator of SOS response, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), and poly(A) polymerase (PAP I), which positively regulate Stx-converting phages, contributing to reduced Stx-converting phage induction and Stx production. Furthermore, cinnamon oil at 0.75؋ and 1.0؋ MIC strongly inhibited the qseBC and luxS expression associated with decreased AI-2 production, a universal quorum sensing signaling molecule. However, the expression of oxidative stress response genes oxyR, soxR, and rpoS was increased in response to cinnamon oil at 0.25؋ or 0.5؋ MIC, which may contribute to stunted bacterial growth and reduced Stx2 phage induction and Stx2 production due to the inhibitory effect of OxyR on prophage activation. Collectively, cinnamon oil inhibits Stx2 production and Stx2 phage induction in E. coli O157:H7 in multiple ways. IMPORTANCEThis study reports the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil on Shiga toxin 2 phage induction and Shiga toxin 2 production. Subinhibitory concentrations (concentrations below the MIC) of cinnamon oil reduced Stx2 production, stx 2 mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Subinhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil also dramatically reduced both the Stx2 phage and total phage induction in E. coli O157:H7, which may be due to the suppression of RNA polyadenylation enzyme PNPase at 0.25؋ to 1.0؋ MIC and the downregulation of bacterial SOS response key regulator RecA and RNA polyadenylation enzyme PAP I at 0.75؋ or 1.0؋ MIC. Cinnamon oil at higher levels (0.75؋ and 1.0؋ MIC) eliminated quorum sensing and oxidative stress. Therefore, cinnamon oil has potential applications as a therapeutic to control E. coli O157:H7 infection through inhibition of bacterial growth and virulence factors. E scherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen that is associated with hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), and death (1). More than 63,000 cases of foodborne illness are estimated to be caused by E. coli O157:H7 annually in the United States (2). Outbreaks have been associated with ground beef, ready-to-eat salad, cheese, apple juice, and other foods (3-6).Shiga toxin (Stx) is a major virulence factor of E. coli O157:H7. Its production in the gastrointestinal tract in conjunction with other virulence factors induces hemorrhagic colitis, and its entry...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its production in the gastrointestinal tract in conjunction with other virulence factors induces hemorrhagic colitis, and its entry into the circulatory system can lead to life-threatening HUS (7,8). Genes that encode Stx are located in prophages integrated into the E. coli O157:H7 chromosome (9).…”

Section: Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Sheng

Rasco

Zhu

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Wide range of human clinical symptoms comprising diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) have been attributed to both non-O157 STEC and O157 isolates (Paton & Paton, 1998;Wang et al, 2013). Among several serogroups of STEC, O157:H7 is the most abundant serogroup related to food or foodborne diseases (Farrokh et al, 2013;Smith et al, 2014). Recent FoodNet data suggest that non-O157 STEC infections have started to gain predominance over O157 cases in the United States (Thorpe, 2004;Wang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent FoodNet data suggest that non-O157 STEC infections have started to gain predominance over O157 cases in the United States (Thorpe, 2004;Wang et al, 2013). Domestic ruminants and especially cattle are recognised as predominant reservoir of STEC (Chinen et al, 2003;Meichtri et al, 2004), although this pathogen can be transmitted to humans through consumption of several foods of non-bovine origin including unpasteurised juices, salami, cheese, raw (unpasteurised) milk and water (Throp, 2004;Smith et al, 2014). There are several reports associated with outbreaks of STEC around the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence gene profiles of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli isolates from retail raw meat in Iran.

Panahee¹,

Pourtaghi²

2017

BJVM

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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognised as toxin producing group of E. coli and one of the most significant foodborne pathogens worldwide. The aim of this study was to detect STEC and determine virulence gene profiles of these pathogens in different kinds of meat and products in Iran. For this reason a total of 182 samples of minced beef, mutton, chicken meat, chicken feet and mechanically separated chicken meat were collected from retail markets for detection of STEC by PCR method. Of the 72 E. coli isolated from examined samples, 29 of them were STEC. The highest presence of STEC was detected in minced beef (23.5%) followed by chicken feet (15%), mutton (13.3%), mechanically separated chicken meat (12.5%) and chicken meat (5.5%) respectively. In addition the results of PCR assay indicated that 21 (72.4%) and 4 (13.7%) of isolates carried stx2 and eaeA genes respectively. However, according to the results stx2 was the most prevalent gene detected in all kinds of examined samples. Our findings showed that evaluation of the prevalence and virulence factors of this pathogen seems necessary considering the increasing importance of STEC as one of the most significant foodborne pathogens.

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“…E. coli of the O157 serotype is considered the archetypal EHEC, although a small number of non-O157 serotypes are more commonly associated with severe disease than other non-O157 serotypes. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration recently designated six non-O157 serotypes (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145) as food adulterants, highlighting these as having enhanced public health significance, and increasing the stringency of STEC food safety assurance regulation and testing requirements at a global level (5).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Intimin-Like Protein FdeC Is Regulated by H-NS and Temperature in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Easton

Allsopp

Phan

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a Shiga-toxigenic pathogen capable of inducing severe forms of enteritis (e.g., hemorrhagic colitis) and extraintestinal sequelae (e.g., hemolytic-uremic syndrome). The molecular basis of colonization of human and animal hosts by EHEC is not yet completely understood, and an improved understanding of EHEC mucosal adherence may lead to the development of interventions that could disrupt host colonization. FdeC, also referred to by its IHE3034 locus tag ECOK1_0290, is an intimin-like protein that was recently shown to contribute to kidney colonization in a mouse urinary tract infection model. The expression of FdeC is tightly regulated in vitro, and FdeC shows promise as a vaccine candidate against extraintestinal E. coli strains. In this study, we characterized the prevalence, regulation, and function of fdeC in EHEC. We showed that the fdeC gene is conserved in both O157 and non-O157 EHEC and encodes a protein that is expressed at the cell surface and promotes biofilm formation under continuous-flow conditions in a recombinant E. coli strain background. We also identified culture conditions under which FdeC is expressed and showed that minor alterations of these conditions, such as changes in temperature, can significantly alter the level of FdeC expression. Additionally, we demonstrated that the transcription of the fdeC gene is repressed by the global regulator H-NS. Taken together, our data suggest a role for FdeC in EHEC when it grows at temperatures above 37°C, a condition relevant to its specialized niche at the rectoanal junctions of cattle.

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Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Cited by 178 publications

References 146 publications

Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Virulence gene profiles of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli isolates from retail raw meat in Iran.

The Intimin-Like Protein FdeC Is Regulated by H-NS and Temperature in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

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