Ship-based detection of glyoxal over the remote tropical Pacific Ocean

Sinreich, R.; Coburn, S.; Dix, B.; Volkamer, Rainer

doi:10.5194/acp-10-11359-2010

Cited by 135 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…It should be noted that the Mahajan et al (2014) values were calculated only from data above the instrument detection limit and so contain a positive bias and are upper estimates. Chatham Rise mixing ratios are also similar to the eastern tropical Pacific NH average (32 ± 6 ppt) (Coburn et al, 2014) but somewhat lower than those observed in the SH eastern tropical Pacific (43 ± 9 ppt) (Coburn et al, 2014) and over the tropical Pacific (63 ± 21 ppt) (Sinreich et al, 2010). The Caribbean Sea value of 80 ppt is the highest average mixing ratio reported over the oceans and substantially higher than mixing ratios observed in this study, although the variation of this value is not given (Zhou and Mopper, 1990).…”

Section: Glyoxalmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…MAX-DOAS retrievals observed hundreds of parts per trillion (ppt) glyoxal in the Gulf of Maine (Sinreich et al, 2007) and an average of 63 ppt glyoxal over the remote tropical Pacific (Sinreich et al, 2010). The Sinreich et al (2010) measurements were sufficiently far from land that the glyoxal observed was either from unrealistically high mixing ratios of long-lived terrestrial precursors or, more likely, a substantial unknown source, possibly of marine origin, in support of earlier modelling and satellite studies. The widespread presence of glyoxal over the remote oceans was recently confirmed by Mahajan et al (2014), who reported MAX-DOAS and long-path DOAS differential slant column densities from 10 field campaigns in both hemispheres in tropical and temperate regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…This is expected as the terrestrial environment is a major source of the important biogenic dicarbonyl precursor gases isoprene and α-pinene and is also a source of precursors from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources, including longer-lived Coburn et al (2014). c Sinreich et al (2010). d Zhou and Mopper (1990).…”

Section: Glyoxalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No in situ observations of glyoxal have been reported over the temperate oceans of either hemisphere, and there is only one previous study reporting methylglyoxal observations over the world's oceans (in the tropical Northern Hemisphere, NH) (Zhou and Mopper, 1990). With the exception of the Caribbean and Sargasso Sea measurements (Zhou and Mopper, 1990), all column and in situ observations of glyoxal over the remote oceans have used optical measurement techniques (Mahajan et al, 2014;Sinreich et al, 2007Sinreich et al, , 2010Coburn et al, 2014). Finally, given the challenges in retrieving low VCDs (vertical column densities) of glyoxal over the ocean from satellite ob- servations (Lerot et al, 2010;Vrekoussis et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2014), more ground-based measurements are required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the atmospheric yields of glyoxal were low, attributed to the fast irreversible hydrolysis of glyoxal, which prevents the transfer of glyoxal to the atmosphere. Van Pinxteren and Herrmann (2013) observed a glyoxal enrichment factor of 4 in SML compared to the bulk ocean, but the concentration observed was several orders of magnitude too low to explain the mixing ratios of 10 s of ppt typically seen in the MBL (Sinreich et al, 2010). The first eddy-covariance flux measurements of glyoxal were recently made over the oceans, using an in situ Fast Light Emitting Diode Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LED-CE-DOAS instrument) (Coburn et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal in situ observations of glyoxal and methylglyoxal over the temperate oceans of the Southern Hemisphere

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The dicarbonyls glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been measured with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) cartridges and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), optimised for dicarbonyl detection, in clean marine air over the temperate Southern Hemisphere (SH) oceans. Measurements of a range of dicarbonyl precursors (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) were made in parallel. These are the first in situ measurements of glyoxal and methylglyoxal over the remote temperate oceans. Six 24 h samples were collected in summer (February-March) over the Chatham Rise in the south-west Pacific Ocean during the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) voyage in 2012, while 34 24 h samples were collected at Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station in the late winter (August-September) of 2011. Average glyoxal mixing ratios in clean marine air were 7 ppt at Cape Grim and 23 ppt over Chatham Rise. Average methylglyoxal mixing ratios in clean marine air were 28 ppt at Cape Grim and 10 ppt over Chatham Rise. The mixing ratios of glyoxal at Cape Grim are the lowest observed over the remote oceans, while mixing ratios over Chatham Rise are in good agreement with other temperate and tropical observations, including concurrent Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations. Methylglyoxal mixing ratios at both sites are comparable to the only other marine methylglyoxal observations available over the tropical Northern Hemisphere (NH) ocean. Ratios of glyoxal : methylglyoxal > 1 over Chatham Rise but < 1 at Cape Grim suggest that a different formation and/or loss processes or rates dominate at each site. Dicarbonyl precursor VOCs, including isoprene and monoterpenes, are used to calculate an upper-estimate yield of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in the remote marine boundary layer and explain at most 1-3 ppt of dicarbonyls observed, corresponding to 10 % and 17 % of the observed glyoxal and 29 and 10 % of the methylglyoxal at Chatham Rise and Cape Grim, respectively, highlighting a significant but as yet unknown production mechanism. Surface-level glyoxal observations from both sites were converted to vertical columns and compared to average vertical column densities (VCDs) from GOME-2 satellite retrievals. Both satellite columns and in situ observations are higher in summer than winter; however, satellite vertical column densities exceeded the surface observations by more than 1.5 × 10 14 molecules cm −2 at both sites. This discrepancy may be due to the incorrect assumption that all glyoxal observed by satellite is within the boundary layer, or it may be due to challenges retrieving low VCDs of glyoxal over the oceans due to interferences by liquid water absorption or the use of an inappropriate normalisation reference value in the retrieval algorithm. This study provides much-needed data to verify the presence of these short-lived gases over the remote ocean and provide further evidence of an as yet unidentified source of both glyoxal and also methylglyoxal over the remote oceans.

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Section: Glyoxalmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Glyoxalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Seasonal in situ observations of glyoxal and methylglyoxal over the temperate oceans of the Southern Hemisphere

et al. 2015

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Glyoxal observations in the global marine boundary layer

et al. 2014

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Glyoxal is an important intermediate species formed by the oxidation of common biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds such as isoprene, toluene, and acetylene. Although glyoxal has been shown to play an important role in urban and forested environments, its role in the open ocean environment is still not well understood, with only a few observations showing evidence for its presence in the open ocean marine boundary layer (MBL). In this study, we report observations of glyoxal from 10 field campaigns in different parts of the world's oceans. These observations together represent the largest database of glyoxal in the MBL. The measurements are made with similar instruments that have been used in the past, although the open ocean values reported here, average of about 25 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) with an upper limit of 40 pptv, are much lower than previously reported observations that were consistently higher than 40 pptv and had an upper limit of 140 pptv, highlighting the uncertainties in the differential optical absorption spectroscopy method for the retrieval of glyoxal. Despite retrieval uncertainties, the results reported in this work support previous suggestions that the currently known sources of glyoxal are insufficient to explain the average MBL concentrations. This suggests that there is an additional missing source, more than a magnitude larger than currently known sources, which is necessary to account for the observed atmospheric levels of glyoxal. Therefore, it could play a more important role in the MBL than previously considered.

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High abundances of oxalic, azelaic, and glyoxylic acids and methylglyoxal in the open ocean with high biological activity: Implication for secondary OA formation from isoprene

Bikkina

Kawamura

Miyazaki

et al. 2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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Atmospheric dicarboxylic acids (DCA) are a ubiquitous water-soluble component of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), affecting the Earth's climate. Despite the high abundances of oxalic acid and related compounds in the marine aerosols, there is no consensus on what controls their distributions over the open ocean. Marine biological productivity could play a role in the production of DCA, but there is no substantial evidence to support this hypothesis. Here we present latitudinal distributions of DCA, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the marine aerosols from the remote Pacific. Their concentrations were found several times higher in more biologically influenced aerosols (MBA) than less biologically influenced aerosols. We propose isoprene and unsaturated fatty acids as sources of DCA as inferred from significantly higher abundances of isoprene-SOA tracers and azelaic acid in MBA. These results have implications toward the reassessment of climate forcing feedbacks of marine-derived SOA.

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Ship-based detection of glyoxal over the remote tropical Pacific Ocean

Cited by 135 publications

References 69 publications

Seasonal in situ observations of glyoxal and methylglyoxal over the temperate oceans of the Southern Hemisphere

Seasonal in situ observations of glyoxal and methylglyoxal over the temperate oceans of the Southern Hemisphere

Glyoxal observations in the global marine boundary layer

High abundances of oxalic, azelaic, and glyoxylic acids and methylglyoxal in the open ocean with high biological activity: Implication for secondary OA formation from isoprene

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