Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) decline by dieback disease, root pathogens and their management: a review

Abstract

Shisham or sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) is an important multipurpose tree with great economic importance, but this tree has been infected by various root pathogens. This review article shows the works conducted on root pathogens and die back disease of Shisham and their management. Around seventy-one endophytic fungus has been found in sissoo trees in Nepal. Several fungi, including, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus gilvus, Polypours gilvus, Rhizoctonia solani, Polyporus spongiosum, etc. cause sissoo diseases. Ganoderma Lucidum and F. Solani are two main pathogenic agents in Shisham, all of which causes root rot and vascular wilt diseases, and are the causes for the large-scale death of this tree species. Root rot ganoderma is wide spread in both natural and plant-based forests. Older trees in Shisham are usually attacked by these pathogens and cause large-scale death. However, when sissoo is grown as a re-forested pure plant without the removal of the stumps or root of the initial plant, a serious problem of root rot can develop. Field sanitation and proper management of field are necessary to control the fungal diseases of Shisham. Another deleterious disease of Shisham is dieback disease, where sissoo plantations have been confirmed to this disease when the infected trees begin to get dry from the top. There is no suitable solution for control of dieback of Shisham. There is a need of developing resistant varieties and to improve the quality of seed. This review may be useful tool for Forest Pathologists and other persons who are working in forestry and natural conservation sectors.

Ganoderma lucidum: Insights on host range, diagnosis, and management strategies

“…Trichoderma species are reported as the most potent biocontrol agents against G. lucidum due to their ability to retard its growth by competing for space, nutrients, mycoparasitism stimulating plant growth and initiating plant defense mechanism [91][92][93][94][95][96]. However, Trichoderma species has been observed to provide protection to plants only during the initial stages of the disease and have no effect on highly infected trees [97] In a study, out of three Trichoderma species viz; T. psuedokoningii, T. harzianum, and T. viride, the most significant control of radial growth of G. lucidum was shown by T. harzianum (68.5%) [84]. Biocontrol agents such as T. harzianum, Gliocadium viride, T. viride, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, and so forth have been reported effective against pathogenic Ganoderma species [41, [98][99][100].…”

“…In case of D. sissoo root rot caused by G. lucidum , it has been observed that monoculture reforestation in areas of previous infection has led to enhanced mortality of trees [9]. Incidences of Ganoderma root rot can be lowered by removing the stumps and residual roots of infected trees as they serve as the source of disease spread [84]. For ensuring disease free stock of plants irregular and close planting, flooded irrigation of, repeated plowing, and so forth should not be followed [85].…”

An In-Depth Study of Phytopathogenic Ganoderma: Pathogenicity, Advanced Detection Techniques, Control Strategies, and Sustainable Management

“…The disease exhibited a clustered spread pattern, with some random and uniform patterns observed in specific plant groups and locations [ 487 ]. Ganoderma lucidum is a particularly significant pathogen associated with the large-scale death of Shisham trees by root rot ( Dalbergia sissoo ) [ 488 ]. UGM’s arboretum in Yogyakarta has experienced tree decline and death from Ganoderma sp.…”

Composition of Essential Oil of Healthy and Diseased Indian Rosewood Trees (Dalbargia Sissoo DC.)

“…Dieback disease caused up to 55% mortality of the shisham population in various regions of subcontinent and caused up to 55% mortality of the shisham population in different regions of subcontinent (Shah et al 2021). In Pakistan, Dalbergia sissoo 5% mortality occurred through 1990 -1991, 43% in 2001 and 25% during 1999 -2000 in different districts of Punjab province (Gill et al 2001).…”