Shivering and heat production in men exposed to intense cold.

Glickman, Nathaniel; Mitchell, H. H.; Keeton, Robert W.; Lambert, Edward H.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.22.1.1

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Even in the absence of prolonged physical activity, thermoregulation imposes a significant energetic burden (Hill et al 2013). In the cold, shivering can cause metabolic rate to be elevated to 5-6 times that observed at rest (Glickman et al 1967;Iampietro et al 1960;Keatinge et al 1986). As morphological traits such as shorter leg length have been shown to reduce the metabolic cost of thermoregulation in the cold and ultimately resting metabolic rate (Tilkens et al 2007), athletes exhibiting morphological traits which reduce the energetic burden of thermoregulation are expected to be capable of a greater energetic allocation towards running.…”

Section: Physical Activity Thermoregulation and Morphological Adaptamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-endurance athletic performance suggests that energetics drive human morphological thermal adaptation

et al. 2019

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Both extinct and extant hominin populations display morphological features consistent with Bergmann's and Allen's Rules. However, the functional implications of the morphologies described by these ecological laws are poorly understood. We examined this through the lens of endurance running. Previous research concerning endurance running has focused on locomotor energetic economy. We considered a less-studied dimension of functionality, thermoregulation. The performance of male ultra-marathon runners (n = 88) competing in hot and cold environments was analysed with reference to expected thermoregulatory energy costs and the optimal morphologies predicted by Bergmann's and Allen's Rules. Ecogeographical patterning supporting both principles was observed in thermally challenging environments. Finishers of hot-condition events had significantly longer legs than finishers of cold-condition events. Furthermore, hot-condition finishers had significantly longer legs than those failing to complete hot-condition events. A degree of niche-picking was evident; athletes may have tailored their event entry choices in accordance with their previous race experiences. We propose that the interaction between prolonged physical exertion and hot or cold climates may induce powerful selective pressures driving morphological adaptation. The resulting phenotypes reduce thermoregulatory energetic expenditure, allowing diversion of energy to other functional outcomes such as faster running.

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Section: Physical Activity Thermoregulation and Morphological Adaptamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-endurance athletic performance suggests that energetics drive human morphological thermal adaptation

et al. 2019

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“…Initial reductions in skin temperature are believed to predominantly drive mild intermittent shivering, Communicated by Narihiko Kondo. while further reductions in both core and skin temperature are believed to drive continuous intense shivering thermogenesis (Stocks et al 2004;Haman and Blondin 2017). Peak shivering in adults can elicit heat production up to six times basal metabolic rate (Iampietro et al 1960;Glickman et al 1967;Eyolfson et al 2001). Concurrent vasoconstriction and piloerection also plays a role in the preservation of heat, thus enhancing the effectiveness of the shivering thermogenesis (Burton and Edholm 1955;Parsons 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of methods in the assessment of cold-induced shivering thermogenesis

et al. 2020

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Purpose To compare two analytical methods for the estimation of the shivering onset inflection point, segmental regression and visual inspection of data, and to assess the test-retest reliability and validity of four metrics of shivering measurement; oxygen uptake (VȮ 2), electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG) and bedside shivering assessment scale (BSAS). Methods Ten volunteers attended three identical experimental sessions involving passive deep-body cooling via cold water immersion at 10 °C. VȮ 2 , EMG, and MMG were continuously assessed, while the time elapsed at each BSAS stage was recorded. Metrics were graphed as a function of time and rectal temperature (T re). Inflection points for intermittent and constant shivering were visually identified for every graph and compared to segmental regression. Results Excellent agreement was seen between segmental regression and visual inspection (ICC, 0.92). All measurement metrics presented good-to-excellent test-retest reliability (ICC's > 0.75 and 0.90 respectively), with the exception of visual identification of intermittent shivering for VȮ 2 measurement (ICC, 0.73) and segmental regression for EMG measurement (ICC, 0.74). In the assessment of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), EMG showed the largest SNR at the point of shivering onset followed by MMG and finally VȮ 2. Conclusions Segmental regression provides a successful analytical method for identifying shivering onset. Good-to-excellent reliability can be seen across VȮ 2 , EMG, MMG, and BSAS, yet given the observed lag times, SNRs, along with known advantages/disadvantaged of each metric, it is recommended that no single metric is used in isolation. An integrative, realtime measure of shivering is proposed.

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“…According to previous studies, shivering in cold develops mostly (71%) in the trunk (Bell et al 1992) and it spreads to the limbs if cold stress increases (Spurr et al 1957;Tikuisis et al 1991). The integrated electrical activity of skeletal muscles, which related to shivering and preshivering muscle tone in cold-exposed men, was proportional to the metabolic heat production (Glickman et al 1967). On the other hand, the tissue insulation in NUST, especially the I limb , tended to increase at T cw -3 even though the subjects shivered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of uniform and non-uniform skin temperature on thermal exchanges in water in humans

et al. 2002

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We investigated the effect of uniform (UST) and non-uniform (NUST) skin temperature on thermal exchanges during a 3-h water immersion in five male subjects wearing (NUST) or not wearing (UST) a waterperfused garment. UST was achieved by immersing the nude subject in water up to the neck. For each subject, the water temperature was adjusted to the critical temperature (T cw , 31.4 ± 0.9°C) or 3°C below T cw (T cw -3). NUST was achieved by perfusing different segments of the perfused garment with water of different temperatures. The water temperature of the segment was independently adjusted according to the skin temperature distribution in cold air, the mean skin temperature being the same as the UST. At T cw and T cw -3, changes in esophageal and mean skin temperatures were identical in UST and NUST conditions, but the skin temperature of the trunk was higher and that of the limb was lower in the NUST condition. Heat production and the overall skin heat flux at T cw were identical in the two conditions, but those at T cw -3 were about 25% lower (P < 0.05) in NUST than in UST conditions. At T cw -3, the overall tissue insulation was 36% higher (P < 0.05) in NUST than in UST conditions, mainly because of higher limb insulation. Thermogenesis due to shivering was lower by 62% (P < 0.05) in NUST than in UST. We conclude that the NUST condition increased tissue insulation and suppressed shivering. This suggests that a high skin temperature of the trunk attenuates shivering in cold water and increases the ability to defend body temperature more economically in cold water.

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Shivering and heat production in men exposed to intense cold.

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Ultra-endurance athletic performance suggests that energetics drive human morphological thermal adaptation

Ultra-endurance athletic performance suggests that energetics drive human morphological thermal adaptation

Reliability and validity of methods in the assessment of cold-induced shivering thermogenesis

Effect of uniform and non-uniform skin temperature on thermal exchanges in water in humans

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