“…Such scenarios will be of special interest, as they entail the direct impact and subsequent interactions between two vortex rings or a vortex ring and solid/non-solid boundaries, as opposed to a discrete vortex-ring entity assumed to be free (or largely free) of external influences. Such scenarios have been studied systematically earlier, including but not limited to those reported by Walker et al (1987), Lim (1989), Lim, Nickels & Chong (1991), Orlandi & Verzicco (1993), Verzicco & Orlandi (1994), Chu, Wang & Chang (1995), Swearingen, Crouch & Handler (1995), Fabris, Liepmann & Marcus (1996), Minota, Nishida & Lee (1997), Naitoh, Banno & Yamada (2001), Arévalo et al (2007), Cheng, Lou & Luo (2010), Couch & Krueger (2011), Mariani et al (2013), New, Shi & Zang (2016) and Xu & Wang (2016) for flat/inclined-walls, Adhikari & Lim (2009), Hrynuk, Van Luipen & Bohl (2012), Naaktgeboren, Krueger & Lage (2012), Cheng, Lou & Lim (2014) and Xu et al (2018) for porous walls, Orlandi (1993), Naitoh, Sun & Yamada (1995), Ren, Zhang & Guan (2015) and New & Zang (2017) for round cylinders, and, more recently, a scenario whereby a vortex ring collides upon a wall with a circular aperture investigated by Hu & Peterson (2018).…”