1999
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00484.x
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Shoot structure, canopy openness, and light interception in Norway spruce

Abstract: We analysed changes in shoot structure with canopy openness in control (C) and irrigated–fertilized (IL) Picea abies trees. Canopy openness, which was used to characterize light availability, varied between 0·23 and 0·90 for C shoots and 0·07 to 0·75 for IL shoots. Needle width and thickness increased with canopy openness, but were similar for C and IL needles. The ratio of needle thickness to width remained fairly close to one throughout the canopy. This resulted in large values (3·0–4·0) of the ratio of tota… Show more

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Cited by 83 publications
(57 citation statements)
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“…These results, while confirming previous observations on the same species [6,24,25,31], indicate no major difference in the plasticity of response to light -at the crown, shoot and needle level -between Norway spruce and silver fir saplings.…”
supporting
confidence: 91%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…These results, while confirming previous observations on the same species [6,24,25,31], indicate no major difference in the plasticity of response to light -at the crown, shoot and needle level -between Norway spruce and silver fir saplings.…”
supporting
confidence: 91%
“…However, the relationships between light and growth or morphological parameters are far to be fully understood. Other than to be species-specific, for a certain species these relationships may vary among climatic regions [34] and may be greatly affected by the interaction with other factors 270 G. Grassi, R. Giannini such nutrient availability, sapling size and competition [8,10,16,25,[31][32][33]. This complexity becomes especially relevant in uneven-aged managed forests, where the high structural fragmentation of the canopy and the clustering pattern of natural regeneration [15] lead to a high spatial variability of light in the understory and of competition between saplings.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3). The observed tight relationship between p sh and STAR is convenient because data on STAR are available for many coniferous species (Cescatti & Zorer, 2003;Palmroth, Stenberg, Smolander, Voipio, & Smolander, 2002;Stenberg, Kangas, Smolander, & Linder, 1999;Stenberg et al, 2001;Stenberg, Smolander, Sprugel, & Smolander, 1998). The within-shoot hot spot effect was visible as a peak in the backscattering direction in the shoot scattering phase function (Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…Greater clumping of needles (number of needles per unit shoot length) was observed by Niinemets and Kull (1995) with increasing irradiance and height of Norway spruce crowns. Sunlit shoots of Norway spruce typically have higher needle area per unit shoot length than shaded shoots, and the orientation of needles around the shoot axis is more uniform in contrast to shaded shoots where needles are arranged in a laminar fashion (Stenberg et al, 1999). In addition to needle differentiation caused by vertical irradiance gradient in the tree crown, in coniferous species with greater needle retention, increasing age of needles is another important factor which influences foliar properties (e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%