Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study period

Westrell, Therese; Teunis, Peter; Berg, Harold van den; Lodder, Willemijn J.; Ketelaars, Henk A. M.; Stenström, Thor Axel; Husman, Ana Maria de Roda

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.019

Cited by 76 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A winter peak of viral prevalence has also been documented in freshwater (92,93,94) and seawater (95) samples. This is consistent with the high incidence of NoV-associated intestinal disease (28) and the winter-biased seasonality of these infections in the United Kingdom (9).…”

Section: Seasonal and Environmental Influencesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Campos

Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis following consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated with fecal matter. NoV levels can be effectively reduced by some sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. However, tertiary sewage treatment and substantial sewage dilution are usually required to achieve low concentrations of virus in shellfish. Most outbreaks have been associated with shellfish harvested from waters affected by untreated sewage from, for example, storm overflows or overboard disposal of feces from boats. In coastal waters, NoV can remain in suspension or associate with organic and inorganic matter and be accumulated by shellfish. Shellfish take considerably longer to purge NoV than fecal indicator bacteria when transferred from sewage-polluted estuarine waters to uncontaminated waters. The abundance and distribution of NoV in shellfish waters are influenced by the levels of sewage treatment, proximity of shellfish beds to sewage sources, rainfall, river flows, salinity, and water temperature. Detailed site-specific information on these factors is required to design measures to control the viral risk.

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Section: Seasonal and Environmental Influencesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Campos

Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…GII NoVs are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis and are frequently detected in environmental samples (35,47). We successfully detected GII NoV RNA in three river water samples collected from the same site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Internal Controls for Extraction and Amplification of Nucleic Acids from Enteric Viruses in Water Samples

Hata

Katayama

Kitajima

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Inhibitors that reduce viral nucleic acid extraction efficiency and interfere with cDNA synthesis and/or polymerase activity affect the molecular detection of viruses in aquatic environments. To overcome these significant problems, we developed a methodology for assessing nucleic acid yields and DNA amplification efficiencies for environmental water samples. This involved adding particles of adenovirus type 5 and murine norovirus and newly developed primer-sharing controls, which are amplified with the same primer pairs and result in the same amplicon sizes as the targets, to these samples. We found that nucleic acid loss during the extraction process, rather than reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) inhibition, more significantly attributed to underestimation of the presence of viral genomes in the environmental water samples tested in this study. Our success rate for satisfactorily amplifying viral RNAs and DNAs by RT-PCR was higher than that for obtaining adequate nucleic acid preparations. We found that inhibitory properties were greatest when we used larger sample volumes. A magnetic silica bead-based RNA extraction method effectively removed inhibitors that interfere with viral nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the inhibitory properties of environmental water samples by using both control virus particles and primersharing controls.

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“…Thus, many studies have failed to show any correlation in fresh surface waters [133][134][135][136][137], marine surface water [136][137][138], and groundwater [131,139]. In contrast, other studies have shown some correlation between human viruses and F-specific phages [23,123,126,140,141] and between human viruses and somatic coliphages in surface waters [104,140,142], between enteroviruses and somatic coliphages in sludge [82], and between human viruses and both somatic and F-specific phages in surface water [78].…”

Section: Relationship To Human Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coliphages as Model Organisms in the Characterization and Management of Water Resources

Torroella

Gutiérrez

Blanch

et al. 2016

Water

102

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Two groups of bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli, somatic and F-specific coliphages, have been used in academia as both fecal and viral indicators for many years. Regulatory authorities in different parts of the world are beginning to consider coliphages as indicators of water quality in a range of settings. However, issues such as their potential replication in natural water environments, the cumbersome detection and enumeration methods, a lack of definition concerning which of the two groups should be included in future regulations, and the lack of a clear correlation between coliphages and human viruses and health risks in different water settings remain controversial. This review attempts to shed some light on these contentious issues. The conclusions are that: 1) supposing that they can replicate in some natural water settings, the contribution of coliphages replicated outside the gut will not affect the numbers contributed by fecal pollution and detected by strains recommended for standardized methods; 2) there are easy, fast, and cost-effective methods that can be used in routine laboratories after a little training; 3) perhaps the best option is to determine both groups in a single step; and 4) the low correlation of coliphages with human viruses and health risks is no worse than the correlation between different human viruses.

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Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study period

Cited by 76 publications

References 23 publications

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Validation of Internal Controls for Extraction and Amplification of Nucleic Acids from Enteric Viruses in Water Samples

Coliphages as Model Organisms in the Characterization and Management of Water Resources

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