Short-Chain Fatty Acids—A Product of the Microbiome and Its Participation in Two-Way Communication on the Microbiome-Host Mammal Line

Abstract

Purpose of Review The review aims to describe short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as metabolites of bacteria, their complex influence on whole-body metabolism, and alterations in the SCFA profile in obesity and after bariatric surgery (BS). Recent Findings The fecal profile of SCFAs in obese patients differs from that of lean patients, as well as their gut microbiota composition. In obese patients, a lower diversity of bacteria is observed, as well as higher concentrations of SCFAs in stool samples. Obesity is now considered a global epidemic and bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for severe obesity. BS affects the structure and functioning of the digestive system, and also alters gut microbiota and the concentration of fecal SCFAs. Generally, after BS, SCFA levels are lower but levels of branched short-chain fatty acids (BSCFAs) are elevated, the effect of which is not fully understood. Moreover, changes in the profile of circulating SCFAs are little known and this is an area for further research. Summary Obesity seems to be inherently associated with changes in the SCFA profile. It is necessary to better understand the impact of BS on microbiota and the metabolome in both feces and blood as only a small percentage of SCFAs are excreted. Further research may allow the development of a personalized therapeutic approach to the BS patient in terms of diet and prebiotic intervention.

Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Pyogenic Liver Abscess Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Interestingly, changes in the composition of the intestinal flora have been shown to significantly affect the levels of metabolites in the host. 41 , 42 To understand the underlying mechanism, further investigation using targeted metabolomics is necessary.…”

Potential Biomarkers of Resilience to Microgravity Hazards in Astronauts

“…They exert various beneficial effects, such as regulating intestinal motility, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, and modulating immune responses [ 54 ]. Reduced plasma levels of SCFAs have been associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and the development of GI disorders [ 56 ]. Astronauts with normal plasma levels of SCFAs may have a more resilient gut microbiota that is better equipped to withstand the challenges posed by the microgravity environment.…”

Targeting short-chain fatty acids receptors signalling for neurological disorders treatment

“…SCFAs that reach the bloodstream might promote CNS homeostasis by reinforcing blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, avoiding neuroinflammation, affecting levels of neurotrophic factors, promoting serotonin biosynthesis, or directly activating the vagal afferent. Of note, in addition to diet and dysbiosis, the plasma concentration of SCFAs might be affected by the renin-angiotensin system [11], and by the energy requirements and lipids metabolism [12]. In this regard, acetate and butyrate might be converted into acetyl coenzyme A and subsequently used as substrate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or beta-oxidation, while propionate might act as a precursor for gluconeogenesis in the liver [12].…”