Short duration anaesthesia with medetomidine and ketamine in cynomolgus monkeys

Young, Simon S.; Schilling, A.; Skeans, Susan; Ritacco, G.

doi:10.1258/002367799780578363

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This combination is also described as a common induction regime for non-human primates [3]. Our observations show the opposite in marmosets, and are in line with a study by Young [35], who found no difference in recovery times between macaques that received ketamine-medetomidine reversed with atipamezole compared to ketamine only. Although ketamine supplemented with a lower dose of medetomidine and an additional atipamezole injection tended to result in a shorter recovery time compared to the high medetomidine dose group, the recovery duration remained protracted and unacceptable.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In addition, the combination ketamine/medetomidine caused markedly less damage to muscle tissue at injection sites than did the single use of ketamine in rats [27]. The use of ketamine/medetomidine has been described in several primate species [27-35], but these reports offer little guidance related to its practical implementation in the common marmoset.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

et al. 2013

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BackgroundHandling of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) usually requires chemical restraint. Ketamine has been associated with muscle damage in primates, while common marmosets, compared to other primates, additionally display an exceptional high sensitivity to ketamine-associated side-effects. Notably, muscle twitching movements of limbs and hands, and a marked increase in salivation are observed. We investigated two alternative intramuscular (i.m.) immobilisation protocols against ketamine (50 mg/kg; protocol 1) in a double-blind randomised crossover study in ten healthy adult common marmosets for use as a safe reliable, short-term immobilisation and sedation. These protocols comprised: alphaxalone (12 mg/kg; protocol 2) and 25 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.50 mg/kg medetomidine (reversal with 2.5 mg/kg atipamezole; protocol 3A). Following completion and unblinding, the project was extended with an additional protocol (3B), comprising 25 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine (reversal with 0.25 mg/kg atipamezole, twice with 35 min interval).ResultsAll protocols in this study provided rapid onset (induction times <5 min) of immobilisation and sedation. Duration of immobilisation was 31.23 ± 22.39 min, 53.72 ± 13.08 min, 19.73 ± 5.74 min, and 22.78 ± 22.37 min for protocol 1, 2, 3A, and 3B, respectively. Recovery times were 135.84 ± 39.19 min, 55.79 ± 11.02 min, 405.46 ± 29.81 min, and 291.91 ± 80.34 min, respectively. Regarding the quality, and reliability (judged by pedal withdrawal reflex, palpebral reflex and muscle tension) of all protocols, protocol 2 was the most optimal. Monitored vital parameters were within clinically acceptable limits during all protocols and there were no fatalities. Indication of muscle damage as assessed by AST, LDH and CK values was most prominent elevated in protocol 1, 3A, and 3B.ConclusionsWe conclude that intramuscular administration of 12 mg/kg alphaxalone to common marmosets is preferred over other protocols studied. Protocol 2 resulted in at least comparable immobilisation quality with acceptable and less frequent side effects and superior recovery quality. In all protocols, supportive therapy, such as external heat support, remains mandatory. Notably, an unacceptable long recovery period in both ketamine/medetomidine protocols (subsequently reversed with atipamezole) was observed, showing that α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in the used dose and dosing regime is not the first choice for sedation in common marmosets in a standard research setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

et al. 2013

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“…We used ketamine for viral or saline inoculation, blood sampling, and autopsy. Ketamine has safely been used for bone marrow aspiration in humans and monkeys (21,22,26,34,35). It would be unlikely, therefore, that such bone marrow suppression occurred as a result of the anesthetic agent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Defect in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus C2/1-Infected Macaques and Relevance to Advance of Disease

Yamakami

Honda

Takei

et al. 2004

J Virol

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To clarify hematological abnormalities following infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we examined the hematopoietic capability of bone marrow by using cynomolgus monkeys infected with pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain C2/1, an animal model of HIV infection. The relationship between the progress of the infection and the CD4/CD8 ratio of T lymphocytes or the amount of SHIV C2/1 viral load in the peripheral blood was also investigated. A colony assay was performed to assess the hematopoietic capability of bone marrow stem cells during the early and advanced phases of the infection. Colonies of granulocytes-macrophages (GM) were examined by PCR for the presence of the SIVmac239 gag region to reveal direct viral infection. There was a remarkable decrease in the CFU-GM growth on days 1 and 3 postinoculation, followed by recovery on day 56. During the more advanced stage, the CFU-GM growth decreased again. There was minimal evidence of direct viral infection of pooled cultured CFU-GM despite the continuously low CD4/ CD8 ratios. These results indicate that the decrease in colony formation by bone marrow stem cells is reversible and fluctuates with the advance of the disease. This decrease was not due to direct viral infection of CFU-GM. Our data may support the concept that, in the early phase, production of inhibitory factors or deficiency of a stimulatory cytokine is responsible for some of the bone marrow defects described in the SHIV C2/1 model.

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“…However, Young et al reported that a combination of i.m. Ke 2 mg/kg-Me 0.05 mg/kg has a relatively short duration of anesthetic action in cynomolgus monkeys and should only be used for procedures lasting less than 30 min [22]. The present study found that the Me-Mi-Bu combination had a longer duration of action than Ke alone or the Ke-Me combination, exerting its action via the synergy of three different receptor agonists working together to provide reversible CNS depression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…In the clinically effective dose at 10 mg/kg, ketamine has a rapid onset and relatively short duration of anesthetic effect after intramuscular injection [22]. If monkeys are treated with long-term surgery, it is, therefore, difficult to administrate ketamine alone at a dose of 10 mg/kg as anesthetic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic Effect of a Combination of Medetomidine-Midazolam-Butorphanol in Cynomolgus Monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)

Ochi

Nishiura

Tatsumi

et al. 2014

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The anesthetic effect of a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol (Me-Mi-Bu) was evaluated in healthy cynomolgus monkeys. The Me-Mi-Bu combination was intramuscularly administered as follows: Dose 1, Me 0.015 mg/kg-Mi 0.1 mg/kg-Bu 0.15 mg/kg; Dose 2, Me 0.02 mg/kg-Mi 0.15 mg/kg-Bu 0.2 mg/kg; and Dose 3, Me 0.04 mg/kg-Mi 0.3 mg/kg-Bu 0.4 mg/kg. The combination rapidly induced immobilization, and lateral recumbency was reached within 15 min. The duration of anesthesia for each dose administered was follows: Dose 1, 47 ± 27 min; Dose 2, 113 ± 31 min; and Dose 3, 190 ± 24 min. The anesthetic effect of the combination was abolished by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole. No marked changes in the levels of hematologic or serum biochemical parameters were noted in cynomolgus monkeys administered the combination plus atipamezole. Taken together, these results suggest that the Me-Mi-Bu combination exhibits reversible anesthetic effect and may be useful for studies involving cynomolgus monkeys.

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Short duration anaesthesia with medetomidine and ketamine in cynomolgus monkeys

Cited by 38 publications

References 11 publications

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Early Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Defect in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus C2/1-Infected Macaques and Relevance to Advance of Disease

Anesthetic Effect of a Combination of Medetomidine-Midazolam-Butorphanol in Cynomolgus Monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)

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