Short interpregnancy intervals and unfavourable pregnancy outcome: role of folate depletion

Smits, Luc; Essed, G.G.M.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)07105-7

Cited by 220 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Women who become pregnant before folate restoration is complete have an increased risk of folate insufficiency at the time of conception and during pregnancy. 16,41 As a consequence, there would be an early alteration in the fetal neurodevelopment that could lead to ASD in early childhood. 28 This hypothesis is reasonably supported by a recent, large population-based cohort study, which reported that periconceptional folic acid supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of autistic disorder in the offspring.…”

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Spacing and Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

2016

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Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Spacing and Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

2016

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“…B12 insufficiency during lactation may cause anaemia and neurological damage in both the mother and the breast-fed child, as has been reported in vegetarians (Metz, 1970;Michaud et al, 1992;Weiss et al, 2004). If maternal folate stores are insufficient prior to a subsequent conception, the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome such as preterm delivery and birth defects in the following pregnancy is increased (Smits and Essed, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To investigate the relation between lactation and markers of folate and vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency in women with and without vitamin supplementation. Design: A 9-month follow-up study. Subjects and methods: Blood samples from 91 women, who gave birth to a single healthy child, were collected 3 weeks, 4 and 9 months postpartum and analysed for circulating level of homocysteine (tHcy), methylmalonic acid (MMA), folate and B12. The participants were categorized as exclusively, partly or not breast-feeding dependent on the degree of lactation 4 months postpartum. During follow-up, lifestyle factors were recorded by structured interviews. Results: Among 72 exclusively breast-feeding women, the median (10-90% percentile) tHcy was 5.8 (3.1-8.3) mmol/l 3 weeks postpartum, 6.1 (4.1-10.3) mmol/l 4 months postpartum and 5.3 (3.6-8.7) mmol/l 9 months postpartum. At 9 months postpartum, none of the women breast-fed exclusively. No significant change occurred in the concentration of B12 and folate. Exclusively breast-feeding women without vitamin supplementation had higher median tHcy than supplemented exclusively breast-feeding women 4 and 9 months postpartum (7.0 vs 5.4 mmol/l (Po0.001) and 5.8 vs 4.5 mmol/l (P ¼ 0.003), respectively). Six women had increased (415 mmol/l) tHcy; four of these were unsupplemented and exclusively breast-feeding. Conclusion: We found no overall indication of depletion of the folate and B12 stores during the lactation period in this population. However, folate-supplemented women had lower tHcy and higher folate levels, suggesting a beneficial effect of supplementation with folate throughout lactation. Sponsorship: The Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Research Fund and LEO Pharma Research Foundation supported this study. DPC Scandinavia, Denmark donated reagents for the folate and tHcy analysis.

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“…Without adequate supplementation, concentrations of maternal serum folate decrease gradually from the fifth month of pregnancy onwards, and remain low for several months after childbirth, something which is further accentuated with shorter inter-pregnancy intervals (Smits and Essed, 2001). A short inter-pregnancy interval, which allows less time for restoration of folate levels between pregnancies, has been shown to be strongly associated with postpartum depression in a small observational study (Gurel and Gurel, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy may protect against depression 21 months after pregnancy, an effect modified by MTHFR C677T genotype

et al. 2011

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Background/Objectives: As low folate status has been implicated in depression, high folate intake, in the form of supplements, during pregnancy might offer protection against depression during pregnancy and postpartum. Subjects/Methods: We examined the association between change in self-reported depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) at different timepoints during and following pregnancy and self-reported folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in a prospective cohort of 6809 pregnant women. We also tested whether there was a main effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype (which influences folate metabolism and intracellular levels of folate metabolites and homocysteine) on change in depression scores, and carried out our analysis of folic acid supplementation and depression stratifying by genotype. Results: We found no strong evidence that folic acid supplementation reduced the risk of depression during pregnancy and up to 8 months after pregnancy. However, we did find evidence to suggest that folic acid supplements during pregnancy protected against depression 21 months postpartum, and that this effect was more pronounced in those with the MTHFR C677T TT genotype (change in depression score from 8 months to 21 months postpartum among TT individuals was 0.66 (95% CI ¼ 0.31-1.01) among those not taking supplements, compared with À1.02 (95% CI ¼ À2.22-0.18) among those taking supplements at 18 weeks pregnancy, P difference ¼ 0.01). Conclusions: Low folate is unlikely to be an important risk factor for depression during pregnancy and for postpartum depression, but may be a risk factor for depression outside of pregnancy, especially among women with the MTHFR C677T TT genotype.

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Short interpregnancy intervals and unfavourable pregnancy outcome: role of folate depletion

Cited by 220 publications

References 25 publications

Birth Spacing and Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

Birth Spacing and Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy may protect against depression 21 months after pregnancy, an effect modified by MTHFR C677T genotype

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