Institute, 2014). Transportation demand management (TDM) strategies are found to be an effective approach to influence factors concerning convenience, safety, comfort, fare and land use amongst others to encourage behavioural changes in favour of mode choice (Suzuki et al., 2013). Over the past few decades, there are some eighty TDM policies that have emerged (Habibian and Kermanshah, 2013). Importantly, these TDM policies use various approaches to create an impact in travel decisions either by improving mobility options or providing incentives/disincentives, and accomplishing a particular trip goal through non-transportation means such as remote work, telework and others (Cumming et al., 2019). The improvement of transport options aimed directly at emphasising on the role of other ridership options and transit improvement such as car sharing (Mangan, 2018), cycling improvement (Clifton et al., 2012), bike sharing (Shaheen and Martin, 2015), park and ride (Hounsell et al., 2011), bus rapid transit or BRT (Federal Transit Administration, 2020) are among others. The provision of incentive and disincentive programmes include tax deduction (Éireann, 2019), reward point redemption programme (Pluntke and Prabhakar, 2013), off peak travel (Ettema ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT