Short‐term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

Aitken, M. N.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2494.1997.00056.x

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…metals in fertilisers and in sewage sludge). The grazing animal can ingest the metals either by consuming herbage that is internally or externally contaminated (Aitken, 1997), or by consuming contaminated soil (see p. 271).…”

Section: Contamination Of Grassland By Potentially-toxic Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accumulation of potentially-toxic metals by grazing ruminants

Wilkinson

Hill

Phillips

2003

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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The main factors affecting the accumulation of potentially-toxic metals (PTM) by grazing animals are the presence of the metal, its concentration in herbage and at the soil surface, and the duration of exposure to the contaminated pasture and soil. In addition, the elapsed time between the contamination of the pasture and grazing, the quantity of soil ingested together with herbage, the mechanism of absorption of the metal into blood and the presence or absence of antagonistic metals can interact to influence the rate and extent of accumulation of heavy metals in edible body tissues. Models of the accumulation of metals by grazing animals may be used to determine the statutory limits of radionuclides and PTM in soils under grazed pastures. Meta-analysis of existing data, using a random-effects model, is a useful approach to understanding the factors affecting the accumulation of some metals, e.g. Cd. The target edible body tissues for the accumulation of most PTM are the liver and kidneys, with the exception of radiocaesium, which accumulates in muscle to a greater extent than in other tissues. The livers and kidneys of mature livestock that have been grazed on areas of pasture at the legal limit of contamination by Cd for more than one grazing season should be removed from the human food chain in order to reduce the risk of intake of Cd by the human population.Potentially-toxic metals: Grazing livestock: Contaminated pasture and soil: Accumulation in edible body tissues MT, metallothionein; OM, organic matter; PTM, potentially-toxic metals.

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Section: Contamination Of Grassland By Potentially-toxic Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accumulation of potentially-toxic metals by grazing ruminants

Wilkinson

Hill

Phillips

2003

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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“…In some cases even packaging materials have been found to be sources of heavy metals found in foodstuffs (Conti, 1997). Surface applied liquid sewage sludge can remain on grass leaf surfaces, leading to enhanced direct intake of potentially toxic elements by the stock (Aitken, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper and lead levels in two popular leafy vegetables grown around Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

Chove

Ballegu

Chove

2006

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Abstract:A study was carried out to determine the levels of two heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu), in two popular leafy vegetables grown around Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania. Vegetable samples of Pumpkin leaves (Cucurbita moschata) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) were collected from three sites and analysed for their concentrations of the two metals using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The three sites, namely Mazimbu, Kihonda and Towelo are located within a 10 km perimeter. The site selection was based on the anticipated levels of contamination of the water used for irrigation. The results showed that the levels (mg/100g dry weight) ranged from 0.885 to1.39 for Copper and 0.05 to 0.315 for Lead. The levels of Lead and Copper varied between the vegetable varieties and from site to site. Vegetables from Mazimbu showed higher concentration levels of the two metals compared to the other sites in both varieties. Towelo vegetables had relatively low concentrations. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in levels of the two metals across the sites but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the levels of Copper between the two vegetable varieties from all the three sites. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the levels of Lead between the vegetable varieties. The levels of both Lead and Copper in the two vegetables were found to be below the maximum permissible levels recommended by FAO/WHO for the two metals in vegetables.

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“…Most sludge is applied to arable land and incorporated at plough depth but grassland is of strategic importance in some areas and at certain times of the year. In the case of pastures to which sludge has been applied three possible routes have been identified for the possible transfer of PTEs to animal tissues: (i) ingestion of PTEs in sludge adhered to herbage (Klessa and Desira-Buttigieg, 1992;Aitken et al, 1994;Tiley and Aitken, 1994); (ii) ingestion of herbage with elevated concentrations of PTEs as a result of plant uptake (Baker and Brookes, 1989); and (iii) ingestion of sludge from the soil surface (Stark, 1988;Livesey, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of potentially toxic elements by sheep given diets containing soil and sewage sludge. 1. Effect of type of soil and level of sewage sludge in the diet

Hill

Stark²,

Wilkinson

et al. 1998

Anim. Sci.

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Increasing amounts of sewage sludge will be applied to agricultural land over the next 10 years as a result of the prohibition of its disposal to the sea. The addition of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) to the soil via sewage sludge is controlled by European legislation designed to limit the accumulation of PTEs in soil which could give rise to toxicity to plants or livestock. However the possibility exists that direct ingestion of sewage sludge and soil together with grazed herbage may result in accumulation of PTEs in body tissues. To assess the extent of accumulation of PTEs by direct ingestion of soil and sewage sludge 12 groups of housed weaned lambs were given diets ad libitum comprising dried grass (900 g/kg total diet dry matter (DM)) and three different soils (100 glkg total diet DM). Soil was replaced by dried digested sewage sludge at levels ofO (level 0), 75 (level 1), 150 (level 2) and 300 g/kg soil DM (level 3). Voluntary intake of DM was markedly depressed by the inclusion of sewage sludge in the diet (on average by 24 g DM per g sewage sludge DM addition). There was no effect of sewage sludge on diet apparent digestibility. Live-weight gain was depressed (P < 0·001) by the addition of sewage sludge to the diet from 236 glday (level 0) to 141 glday (level 3). Liver and kidney weights were also reduced (P < 0·01). The apparent availability coefficients for Cd, Pb and Cu increased with increasing level of sewage sludge in the diet fP < 0·05), as did their concentrations in the liver and kidney (P < 0·01). Concentrations of Cd and Pb in liver increased from <0·07 mg/kg DM and <0·40 mg/kg DM (level 0) respectively to 0·61 mg/kg DM and 4·60 mg/kg DM (level 3) respectively at the end of the trial. Similarly the concentrations of Cd and Pb in kidneys increased from 0·19 mg/kg DM and <0·56 mg/kg DM (level 0) respectively to 0·80 mg/kg DM and 7·10 mg/kg DM (level 3) respectively by the end of the trial. No increases were observed in concentrations of Cd or Pb in muscle tissue. The main effect of type of soil on concentrations of PTEs in body tissues was not significant The daily rate of accumulation ofPb in kidney ranged from 1·1 to 51·5 uglg daily tissue DM growth during the first 57 days of the experiment and from 0·33 to 6·78 /xg/g daily tissue DM growth between day 57 and day 112. A decrease in the second period was also observed for Cd, with accumulation in kidney ranging from 0·31 to 4·44 fig/g daily tissue DM growth during the first 57 days and from 0·21 to 1·44 /jg/g daily tissue DM growth between day 57 and 112. Concentrations of Pb in liver of lambs given the highest level of sludge approached the statutory limit set for human food. The results indicate that in relation to accumulation of PTEs in liver and kidney there would appear to be little margin of safety with respect to the current United Kingdom statutory limits for the concentrations of Cd and Pb in sludge-amended soils. Confirmation of these results is required in the grazing situation.

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Short‐term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

The accumulation of potentially-toxic metals by grazing ruminants

The accumulation of potentially-toxic metals by grazing ruminants

Copper and lead levels in two popular leafy vegetables grown around Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

Accumulation of potentially toxic elements by sheep given diets containing soil and sewage sludge. 1. Effect of type of soil and level of sewage sludge in the diet

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