Shortened duration and reduced area of frozen soil in the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract

The duration and annual mean area of frozen soil decreased significantly -Interannual FTC changes were more drastic in Eurasia than in North America -Near-surface air temperature and snow cover are the main factors in these variations ll www.cell.com/the-innovation

Improved Performance of CLM5.0 Model in Frozen Soil Simulation Over Tibetan Plateau by Implementing the Vegetation Emissivity and Gravel Hydrothermal Schemes

“…Although the ability of CLM5.0 model in simulating the soil temperature has been obviously improved in this study, the snow accumulation process, especially thick snow, was not considered. Snow cover is the dominant land cover during the soil freeze-thaw period and largely determines the spatial distribution of frozen soil (Li et al, 2021;S. Q. Luo et al, 2020;Xie et al, 2017).…”

“…B. Wu & Zhang, 2010). The delayed onset of freezing timing and the advanced onset of thawing result in a shorter annual frozen duration (Guo & Wang, 2013;Li et al, 2021;S. Q. Luo et al, 2020).…”

Long‐Term Simulation of Snow Cover and Its Potential Impacts on Seasonal Frost Dynamics in Croplands Across Southern Canada

“…Multiple studies have reported a reduction in modeled frozen ground duration under global warming (Campbell et al., 2010; Henry, 2008; Li et al., 2021; Venalainen et al., 2001). The shortened duration of soil freeze is associated with the projected shortened snow cover period (Campbell et al., 2010).…”

“…Snow cover can have a cooling effect on the soil when the snow cover is thin, and daily $$\,{T}_{\text{air}}^{{}^{\circ}}$$ fluctuates around 0.0°C in early winter. The fresh snow has a relatively high albedo, but the solar elevation remains relatively high, resulting in soil cooling (Li et al., 2021; Zhang, 2005). On the other hand, in April, a decrease of d snow may accelerate the soil thawing process for all sites.…”

Uncertainty Characterization of Ground‐Based, Satellite, and Reanalysis Snow Depth Products Using Extended Triple Collocation

“…Due to its high solar reflectivity and thermodynamic properties, seasonal snow has substantial influences on the partitioning of energy between the land and atmosphere (Flanner et al, 2011;Lu et al, 2016). Moreover, snow cover has significant implications for the soil freeze-thaw process, soil carbon dioxide efflux, and alpine vegetation growth (Li et al, 2021;Zhang, 2005). A good knowledge of snowpack information is of great significance for various practical applications, such as hydropower, drought and flood predictions, and irrigation scheduling at regional and hemispheric scales (Clark et al, 2011;Dai et al, 2012;Han et al, 2019).Passive microwave technology has become one of the most viable options for monitoring snow depth (SD) at continental scales due to its high sensitivity to snow permittivity and its 24-hr all-weather coverage capability (Clifford, 2010).…”