Shotgun Lipidomics for the Determination of Phospholipid and Eicosanoid Profiles in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Muscle Tissue Using Electrospray Ionization (ESI)-MS/MS Spectrometric Analysis

Abstract

Shotgun lipidomics was applied to identify and quantify phospholipids (PLs) in salmon muscle tissue by focusing on the distribution of ω-3 fatty acids (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) in the form of phospholipids, as well as to identify and quantify eicosanoids, which has not yet been attempted in Atlantic salmon muscle. Shotgun lipidomics enabled the identification of 43 PL species belonging to four different classes: phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylserines (PSs), and phosphatidylinositols (PIs). Among others, 16:0-22:6 PtdCho m/z [M + Na]+ at 828.4 was the predominant PL species in salmon muscle tissue. The present study provided the quantification of individual phospholipid species, which has not been performed for salmon muscle tissue so far. In addition, two eicosanoids—prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F3α (PGF3α)—were identified for the first time in salmon muscle. Thus, the rapid and high-throughput shotgun lipidomics approach should shed new light on phospholipids and eicosanoids in salmon muscle tissue.

Applications of lipidomics in marine organisms: progress, challenges and future perspectives

“…Lipidomic approaches are currently used to characterize the polar and non-polar lipid profiles of marine edible fish, such as anchovy (Engraulis sp. ), 155 gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), 156 obscure pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus), 157 salmon (Salmon salar), 155,[158][159][160][161] seahorse (Hippocampus spp. ), 162 and tuna (Tunnus spp.).…”

“…165 DI-MS approaches also provided significant information to elucidate the effects of diet and genetic background on TG and PL metabolism in Atlantic salmon muscle tissue. 160,161 Marine mammals have recently been the subject of some lipidomic studies, which were focused on the cetacean family (whales, dolphins and porpoises). These studies performed the first comprehensive characterization of the lipid profile of the plasma, 166,167 heart, 168 and adipose tissue (i.e., blubber).…”

“…165 DI-MS approaches also provided significant information to elucidate the effects of diet and genetic background on TG and PL metabolism in Atlantic salmon muscle tissue. 160,161…”

Intervention of 4% salmon phospholipid on metabolic syndrome in mice based on colonic lipidomics analysis

“…Salmon has become one of the three largest farmed fish worldwide due to its desirable nutritional effects, and it occupies a wide range of domestic and international consumer markets. Salmon phospholipids are rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which can reduce triglyceride (TG) levels and suppress CVD and obesity‐associated metabolic disorders such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia 5‐7 . Meanwhile, it has been reported that the intake of n‐3PUFAs from fish in the diet has the effect of reducing risk of CVD, MetS, cancer, Parkinson's disease and inflammation, and the optimal dietary intake of n‐3PUFAs in seafood is 250 mg (200–300) per day 8,9 .…”

“…Salmon phospholipids are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which can reduce triglyceride (TG) levels and suppress CVD and obesity-associated metabolic disorders such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. [5][6][7] Meanwhile, it has been reported that the intake of n-3PUFAs from fish in the diet has the effect of reducing risk of CVD, MetS, cancer, Parkinson's disease and inflammation, and the optimal dietary intake of n-3PUFAs in seafood is 250 mg (200-300) per day. 8,9 Lipids are the main components of cell membranes and play a vital role in maintaining membrane structure and function, participating in signal transduction, providing energy storage and transporting substances.…”