Sida tuberculata (Malvaceae): a study based on development of extractive system and in silico and in vitro properties

Abstract

Sida tuberculata (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Brazil as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. Here, we aimed to investigate the different extractive techniques on phytochemical parameters, as well as to evaluate the toxicity and antioxidant capacity of S. tuberculata extracts using in silico and in vitro models. Therefore, in order to determine the dry residue content and the main compound 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) concentration, extracts from leaves and roots were prepared testing ethanol and water in different proportions. Extracts were then assessed by Artemia salina lethality test, and toxicity prediction of 20E was estimated. Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenger assays, ferric reducing power assay, nitrogen derivative scavenger, deoxyribose degradation, and TBARS assays. HPLC evaluation detected 20E as main compound in leaves and roots. Percolation method showed the highest concentrations of 20E (0.134 and 0.096 mg/mL of extract for leaves and roots, respectively). All crude extracts presented low toxic potential on A. salina (LD50 >1000 µg/mL). The computational evaluation of 20E showed a low toxicity prediction. For in vitro antioxidant tests, hydroethanolic extracts of leaves were most effective compared to roots. In addition, hydroethanolic extracts presented a higher IC50 antioxidant than aqueous extracts. TBARS formation was prevented by leaves hydroethanolic extract from 0.015 and 0.03 mg/mL and for roots from 0.03 and 0.3 mg/mL on egg yolk and rat tissue, respectively (P<0.05). These findings suggest that S. tuberculata extracts are a considerable source of ecdysteroids and possesses a significant antioxidant property with low toxic potential.

Sida tuberculata extract reduces the nociceptive response by chemical noxious stimuli in mice: Implications for mechanism of action, relation to chemical composition and molecular docking

“…Nevertheless, we confirm these results and propose three more compounds. Thus, through our UHPLC–MS, also, on the basis of maximum UV absorption, standard fragmentation, and literature data, we identified five ecdysteroids molecules, being 20HE the major compound in STLE/STRE and KCG the second compound that is more abundant in STLE, in accordance with our previous results (Rosa et al, ). Moreover, the analyses allowed us to suggest the presence of unpublished compounds, 5,20‐dyhydroxyecdysone, ecdysone, and vasicine (Table ).…”

“…The chemical profile confirmed the five phytoconstituents previously detected by our group, in Figures 1a,b and 1E-G (see Rosa et al, 2015). Here, a detailed assessment of the mass fragments allowed the suggestion of three unpublished com- Table 1, Compounds 3, 4, and 8 Previous phytochemical analyses with ST, ethanolic, and aqueous extract were performed by our group and allowed identification of the main classes of secondary metabolites of which phytoecdysteroids were the most abundant (Rosa et al, 2015;Rosa et al, 2018Rosa et al, , 2016.…”

“…Previous phytochemical analyses with ST, ethanolic, and aqueous extract were performed by our group and allowed identification of the main classes of secondary metabolites of which phytoecdysteroids were the most abundant (Rosa et al, ; Rosa et al, , ). Here, we used other extraction technique and instrumentation analyses.…”

“…The ethics committee approved the tests (protocol number PP00745 of Federal University of Santa Catarina), and each group contained between five and 10 animals. We emphasize that based on previous results of our group (Rosa et al, 2016), STLE was chosen for in vivo tests due to its greater antioxidant capacity than STRE. For all experiments, the investigators were blinded for the animal treatment and testing conduction.…”

“…Moreover, the local population chew its leaves and places on wounds and insect bites as an emergency measure for its analgesic and healing properties. Recently, previous studies identified the main phytochemical classes in ST extracts, such as phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, and alkaloids (Rosa et al, 2015;Rosa et al, 2016;Rosa et al, 2018). Moreover, a significant antifungal and antioxidant properties were detected.…”