Side Chain Mediated Electronic Contact between a Tetrahydro‐4H‐thiopyran‐4‐ylidene‐Appended Polythiophene and CdTe Quantum Dots

Abstract

Currently, many watershed models are available that have various complexities, strengths, and weaknesses. The basic mathematical foundations of these mathematical models are often overlooked due to high demands on convenient applications with graphical user interfaces. Although this and other factors are important while selecting a model, the mathematical foundation should also be taken into account, as performance or efficiency and accuracy of a model depend on its simplicity or complexity. A comprehensive review of 14 storm event watershed models was conducted. Hydrologic procedures (rainfall excess, flow routing, and subsurface flow) of the models are presented and compiled. Among the procedures, flow routing has the most influence on model performances (speed and accuracy). Overland and channel flow routing procedures using different flow‐governing equations, having various approximations and solved by different methods, are compared based on their relative levels of physical bases, complexities, and expected accuracies in simulating the dynamics of water flow. Models using more mathematical terms in the flow‐governing equations are more physically based and expected to be more accurate than models using approximations, however, are more complex due to more intensive but approximate numerical schemes (inefficient). Models using approximate equations with analytical solutions may provide a balance between complexity and accuracy. The review and comparisons are useful to modellers, water resources managers, and researchers in understanding the basic foundations of the models and making informed selections for practical applications or further developments. Other factors such as data intensiveness, user friendliness, and resource requirements are also important considerations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hybrid nanocomposites of CdSe nanocrystals distributed in complexing thiophene-based copolymers

“…In another approach, both poly(thiophene)s and nanocrystals are functionalized with special groups capable of strongly interacting with each other. 7 In this case, enhanced macromolecule-nanocrystal interactions efficiently impede the phase separation. 8,9 Molecular composites of diaminopyrimidine side-functionalized poly(hexylthiophene)s and mercaptoalkylthymine capped CdSe nanocrystals can be considered as an instructive example of this approach in the preparation and processing of hybrid materials.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, there exist very few published examples of this type of nanocomposites. In the first case tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-ylidene-functionalized polythiophene was blended with CdTe nanocrystals, 7 in the second one polythiophene polymer chains with pendant carbodithioate complexing groups were blended with CdSe nanoparticles. 19 Carboxylic groups are popular nanocrystals 0 capping ligands.…”

Effect of Cadion 1B on the Spectrum of Mercaptoacetic Acid‐stabilized CdTe Quantum Dots

“…It has been reported that various stabilizers or capping/self-assembling chemicals were attempted to improve the property of the CdTe quantum dots, including thiol-containing chemicals or polymers, [10][11][12][13][14][15] amine-containing chemicals or polymers, [16][17][18] polystyrene, 19 calix [4]arene, 20 bovine serum albumin, 21,22 liposome complexes 23 and positively charged stabilizers. 24 The introductions of these ligands onto nanoparticle surfaces provide not only the stability of these nanoentities in different solvents, but also the desired surface functionality.…”

Enhanced Performance and Air Stability of 3.2% Hybrid Solar Cells: How the Functional Polymer and CdTe Nanostructure Boost the Solar Cell Efficiency

“…Moreover, devices made of PSBTBT‐NH 2 , modified by end‐capping with mono‐aniline, blended with CdTe tetrapods show significant improvement in performance compared to that made of non‐modified PSBTBT blends under BDT solvent–vapor annealing ( V oc = 0.76 V, J sc = 5.11 mA cm − 2 , FF = 0.41, and PCE = 1.59%), as shown in Figure 4a. Evidently, the presence of the mono‐aniline functional group effectively provides intimate contact between the polymer and CdTe NCs through covalent interactions,15, 22–24 which is encouraging for application in the HSCs.…”

“…For better interaction, a number of factors, including the NCs' size and shape,9, 12, 16 thermal annealing,11–18 solvent–vapor annealing,14, 20 as well as directly grafting a conjugated polymer onto quantum dots,21 have been identified experimentally as significantly affecting the nanometer‐scale morphology. Recently, a new strategy for improving the compatibility between NCs and conjugated polymers was reported by functionalizing the polymers with substituents either as terminal or as side groups capable of binding to the NC's surface 15, 22–24…”